Biochemistry: In-Depth Summary

Biochemistry: In-Depth Summary1. Carbohydrate MetabolismGlycolysis: Glucose Pyruvate; Key enzymes: Hexokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate kinase; Net ATP = 2. TCA cycle: Acetyl-CoA CO + NADH + FADH + GTP; occurs in mitochondria. Gluconeogenesis: Pyruvate Glucose; enzymes bypass glycolysis (Pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK). Glycogen metabolism: Glycogenesis (glycogen synthase), Glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase). Mnemonic: Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins Perfectly Glycolysis enzymes. Clinical: G6PD deficiency , Pompe disease.2. Lipid MetabolismFatty acid synthesis: Acetyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA Palmitate; enzyme = Fatty acid synthase. Beta-oxidation: Fatty acids Acetyl-CoA in mitochondria. Lipoproteins: Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL. Ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, -hydroxybutyrate. Clinical: Hyperlipidemia, ketoacidosis. Mnemonic: King Penguins Love Fish V ery Highly Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL.3. Amino Acid & Protein MetabolismEssential AAs: PVT TIM HALL (Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine). Transamination -keto acids, Deamination urea. Special AA metabolism: Phenylketonuria Phe accumulation, Homocystinuria Cystathionine synthase deficiency . Clinical: Maple syrup urine disease, T yrosinemia.4. Enzymes & CofactorsEnzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten (Vmax, Km). Inhibitors: Competitive (Km), Non-competitive (Vmax). Cofactors: NAD , FAD, CoA, Biotin, V it B12. Clinical: Lactase deficiency lactose intolerance, G6PD deficiency hemolysis. Mnemonic for B-vitamins: The Really Nice Pharmacist Might Have Friendly V itamins Thiamine B1, Riboflavin B2, Niacin B3, Pantothenic acid B5,