Physiological:in Depth Summary

Physiology: In-Depth Summary1. Cardiovascular PhysiologyHeart: SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers; Cardiac cycle: Systole = contraction, Diastole = relaxation. Stroke volume HR = Cardiac output (CO). BP = CO TPR. Mnemonic: Starlings Law: More stretch = More contraction. ECG: P wave = atrial depol, QRS = ventricular depol, T = repol. Clinical: Heart failure, shock, arrhythmias. Diagram: Cardiac cycle pressure-volume loop.2. Respiratory PhysiologyVentilation: Inspiration = diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume , P; Expiration passive. Gas exchange: O binds Hb oxyhem oglobin, CO transported as bicarbonate. Mnemonic for O dissociation curve shift: CADET face Right CO , Acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, T emperature right shift. Lung volumes: TV , IRV, ER V, R V. Clinical: Asthma, COPD, hypoxemia. Diagram: Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.3. Renal PhysiologyNephron: Glomerulus Bowman's capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT Collecting duct. Functions: Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion. Key concepts: GFR, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system. Mnemonic for loop of Henle: Thin descending - water out, Thick ascending - Na out. Clinical: AKI, CKD, diuretic effects. Diagram: Nephron with transport mechanisms.4. Gastrointestinal PhysiologyMotility: Peristalsis & segmentation. Secretions: Saliva (amylase), Gastric (HCl), Pancreatic (enzymes). Digestion & absorption: Carbs glucose, Proteins amino acids, Fats chylomicrons. Liver: Bile formation, detox. Clinical: Malabsorption, GERD, peptic ulcer