Nce Study Guide (Rosenthal)

Reliability {Ans: Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings. A reliable test is not always valid.}Carl Rogers {Ans: Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth; empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence); Self- Actualization; fully functioning person.}Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning) {Ans: A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior; also called trial-and-error learning.}Mary Ainsworth {Ans: Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment}What should a researcher provide for participants once data has been collected? {Ans: Researchers need to clarify the nature of the study for anyone who participated in the research.}Abraham Maslow {Ans: Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level (safety and psych) dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence}