84. How does a summative assessment help to determine mastery of a skill? (Literacty Assessments): {Ans: -They are spread out and occur after instruction every few weeks, months, or once a year, summative assessments are tools to help evaluate the effectiveness of programs, school improvement goals, alignment of curriculum, or student placement in specific programs.}10. Integration (Construction-Integration Process-Learning Philosophies): Phase 2: {Ans: -Integrates words and sentences by linking previous information using cohesive ties to create a textbase.}6. Schema (Learning Philosophies): {Ans: -Theory that is concerned with knowledge, particularly with the way knowledge is represented in our minds, how we use that knowledge, and how it expands.}82. Reciprocal Teaching (Comprehension): {Ans: -Refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. -Teachers model, then help students learn to guide group discussions using four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting. -Once students have learned the strategies, they take turns assuming the role of teacher in leading a dialogue about what has been read.}37. High Frequency Words (Balanced Literacy Framework): {Ans: -Are the most commonly used words in printed text and over 50 percent of all text is composed of them.