Nur 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 All Questions And Answers ( Included ) 100% Correct

WBC count normally vs. infection {Ans: Normal: 4,000-10,000 cells/ml During infection: ~15,000-20,000 cells/ml}Prostaglandin Pathway Arachindonic --> Cyclooxygenase 2=? {Ans: Prostaglandins (PG2) -pain -inflammation -edema -muscle contractions}Hypotonic IV Solution what does hypotonic mean? what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3) Treats? Contraindications? {Ans: Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in intracellular concentration. Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system Fluid Types: 1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline) 2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline) 3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline) Treats: - Hydrates cell -Hyperglycemia -Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) -Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels) Contraindications: -Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling) -Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)}Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis {Ans: pH = ↓ PaCO2 = ↑ HCO3 = ↔}Rheumatoid Arthritis {Ans: Chronic autoimmune disorder Immune system attacks its own synovial tissues, stimulating an inflammatory response that results in destruction of cartilage, bones, tendons and ligaments Pannus= A hypertrophied, inflamed, swollen synovial membrane. A hallmark of RA is the development of bone erosions due to activation of osteoclasts and invasive synovial pannus formation in the involved joints.}Atrophy {Ans: "Shrinking" When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they