Advanced Patho Nurs 5315 Exam 1| Questions With Verified Answers 2024

Effects of aging on TBW {Ans: ◦TBW decreases as we age d/t ↓muscle mass, ↑fat tissue.}Ethanol metabolism {Ans: Ethanol→acetylaldehyde→ acetyaldehyde dehydrogenase →acetate →oxidzed to Niacin (NAD+) →decreased NADH. The increased NAD+ to NADH ratio results in lactic acidosis, fasting hypoglycemia, elevated triglycerides, ketoacidosis, heaptosteatosis (fatty liver).}renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) {Ans: {Hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to low blood volume} ◦Low blood volume → renin → angiotensinogen (plasma protein) → angiotensin 1 → ACE → Angiotensin 2 → arterial vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone → Na reabsorption, K+ excretion → water follows Na+ via osmosis and is retained → ↓urine output → ↑blood volume◦}Role of bicarbonate in the acid-base balance {Ans: {Reabsorbed by the kidneys to maintain the buffer system and prevent alterations in pH} ◦HCO3-/CO2 buffer system ◦The kidneys can make HCO3- by combining CO2 and H2O. ◦Most important cellular buffer ◦1st line of defense}Nephrotic syndrome paraneoplastic syndrome {Ans: ⌾various cancers →tumor antigens, immune complexes←}Polycythemia paraneoplastic syndrome - endocrine {Ans: {bone marrow makes too may RBCs, thickening the blood and causing coagulation} ⌾renal carcinoma ⌾cerebellar hemangioma ⌾hepatocellular carcinoma →erythropoietin←}