research problem {Ans: 1. The research problem is a statement about the lack of information needed in a certain area for nursing practice. 2. The research problem in Ashford et al. (2016) is the lack of information on the effects of pregnant and women of childbearing ages in relation to e-cigarettes.}quantitative vs qualitative research {Ans: 1. Quantitative research is a research process that uses numbers to describe variables and tests the relationship between those variables (objective) 2. Qualitative research is a research process that describes data from the perspective of the persons involved through the use of non-numerical data such as life experiences (subjective) 3. Ashford et al. (2016) uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The researchers describe the data with statistics, a cross sectional survery, and Spearman's rank correlation, all of which describe the data numerically.}variables {Ans: 1. The variables of this study were e-cigs, (type, amt, when), childbearing age (varies), tobacco (smokeless, packs, time), dependent (outcome; researcher wants to predict or explain, varies most), independent- manipulated by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable}measurement {Ans: 1. Measurement is the process of observing and recording the observations that are collected as part of