Exss 181 Midterm 1 Study Guide Rated A+

Competition: Zero-Sum {Ans: a situation where rewards are distributed unequally based on performance outcome --Win(+) + Loss(-)=0 --problem: does not consider the individual's perceptions of the competition itself or the win/loss outcome}4 ways to assess whether learning has occurred following modeling? {Ans: --Outcome vs process --Recall vs. recognition --Learning vs performance}Explain the findings of the Ryan (1977, 1980) scholarship studies? {Ans: --Study 1: scholarship athletes were less intrinsically motivated than non-scholarship athletes --Study 2: scholarship football athletes were less intrinsically motivated than non-scholarship athletes --Study 3: scholarship athletes were more intrinsically motivated than non-scholarship athletes in wrestling and female athletes}What are the key components of the sport competition process? {Ans: 1. Objective competitive situation: standards set by an individual's past performance; an idealized performance; another individual's performance; must be at least 1 other person who is in a position to evaluate the performance 2.Subjective competitive situation: individual's perceptions, interpretations, and appraisals of the competitive situation (game importance, past experiences) 3.Response: whether an individual approaches a competitive situation and how he/she does so (behavioral: choices of an easy, optimal, or difficult standard, physiological: arousal level, psychological: state anxiety, self-talk) 4.consequences: longer-term effects/outcomes of the competitive process; performance=successful