Maryville Pharm 615 Exam 2 Test Questions

Who discovered the first antibiotic? {Ans: } Alexander Fleming in 1928What is the leading cause of antibiotic resistance? {Ans: } Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotic agents.What are risk factors for having a drug-resistant pathogen? {Ans: } The leading risk factors include recent use of antibiotics, age younger than 2 or older than 65, day-care center attendance, exposure to young children, multiple medical comorbidities, recent hospitalization, and immunosuppression.How many antibiotic classes are affected by bacterial resistance? {Ans: } Every antibiotic class.Penicillins {Ans: } are characterized chemically by the 6-aminopenicillanic acid joined to the beta-lactam ring.What are the four penicillin subclasses? {Ans: } (1) penicillinase-sensitive or natural penicillins, (2) aminopenicillins, (3) penicillinase-resistant or anti-staphylococcal penicillins, and (4) anti-pseudomonal or extended-spectrum penicillins.How do penicillins hinder bacterial growth? {Ans: } by inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide (also called murein or peptidoglycan).What do penicillins bind to? {Ans: } the cell wall during the terminal stages of cell wall formation.During what point are penicillins most effective? {Ans: } during active cellular multiplication. Lower drug concentrations may result in bacteriostatic effects only.What has reduced the breadth of organsims that penicillin can treat? {Ans: } penicillinase-producing organisms.What is the only natural penicillin commercially available?