Environmental Impact Of Metallurgy

StudyGuideAssessment1 .2Y ou rT hou gh ts .Usinganymeansyouarecomfortablewithandusingyourownwords,answerthefollowingquestions:1.Definethefollowingterms:a.Ore*giveatlistthreetypescommontypes*AnoreisadepositthatcontainsvaluablemineralswhichcanbeextractedfromtheEarth'scrust.Itisessentialasitisutilizedeconomicallytoproduceasupplyorsourceofvariousmaterials-mostareevidentlyusedinourdailylives.Therearemanytypesofores,suchasCarbonateOres,SulphideOres,andHalidesOres.CarbonateoresareoneofthemostabundantlydispersedmineralsinthecrustoftheEarth.Theseorescontaincarbonateion(CO )whichcanbeseenintheirchemicalformulas.TheseincludeLimestone(CACO),Calamine(ZnCO),andSiderite(FeCO)[1].Ontheotherhand,sulphideoresareusuallymineralsthatcontainoneormoremetalscombinedwithsulfur .TheseincludeCopperGlance(CuS)andGalena(PbS)[1].Lastly ,halideorescontainhalogensandareprettyrareinnature.TheseincludeFluorspar(CaF)andHornsilver(AgCl)[1].b.GangueGangueisdescribedaseconomicallyvaluelessmineralparticlesinsideanoredepositthatmustbediscarded.c.DepositMineralDepositisdefinedascollectionsorconcentrationsofmineralsthataresignificantenoughinquantitytopotentiallybeeconomicallyvaluable[2].d.ResourceMineralResourceisdefinedasadistributionorpresenceofsolidmaterialofeconomicpotentialinorontheEarth'scrustinsuchform,grade,orquantitythatithasrealisticprospectsforeventualcommercialexploitation[3].e.MineralReserveMineralReserveisdescribedastheeconomicallymineableportionofaMineralResourcethathasbeenindicatedand/ormeasured[3].StudyGuideAssessment2.Whatistherelationshipofmineralswithmineralprocessing?Whyisitimportant?Mineralprocessingbasicallytreatsorethatcontainspreciousmineralspriortorecoveryandseparation.Itisimportantsinceitisthefirststeporthepreparatorystageintransformingdif ferentoresintoaproductthatcanbesoldandutilizedineverydayapplications.3.Summarizetheobjectivesofmineralprocessinganditsbenefits.Mineralprocessinghasavarietyofgoals,particularlyintechnicalandeconomicterms.Itsprimaryobjectiveistogetthefinishedproductintothetechnicalstaterequiredbysubsequentprocesses,aswellastoeliminateordecreaseunwantedcomponentsbelowtheprescribedlevelsinthemostcost-ef fectivemethodpossible.Moreover ,mineralprocessingmakesitattainabletotreatmaterialsthatwouldneverbeclassifiedasoresandincreasemetalpurityforsubsequentoperationswhilespendinglowertreatmentcosts.2 .2Y ou rT hou gh ts .Usinganymeansyouarecomfortablewithandusingyourownwords,answerthefollowingquestions:1.Comminutiona.Whataretheoperationsusedincomminution?Giveexamplesofequipmentusedforeach.Incomminution,therearetwotypesofoperationscrushingandgrinding.Theeasiestwaytodif ferentiatethetwoisthatcrushinguseslar gevarietiesofequipmenttocrushmaterialsintodif ferentparticlesizeswhilegrindingusesmillstoreducethesizeofmaterialsbyimpactand/orabrasion.Incrushing,therearetwotypesofcrushersprimaryandsecondary .Primarycrushersincludejawcrusherswithamovablejawandgyratorywithitsgyrationmotion.Ontheotherhand,secondarycrushersincludeconecrushers,rollcrushers,andhammermills.Moreover ,themostcommonlyusedarejawcrushers[4],gyratory[5],andconecrushers[6](picturesbelowrespectively).StudyGuideAssessmentIngrinding,wehaverodmills[7]thatuseironrods,ballmills[8]thatusesteelballs,autogenousmills[9]thatdon'tuseballchar ge,andsemi-autogenousmills[9]thatuseasmallamountofballchar ge(picturesbelowrespectively).b.Definefreeandlockedparticles.Freeparticlesaremineralsthatare100%pureincomposition,whichmeanstheyhavenotbeenmixedwithotherminerals,whereaslockedparticlesaretheinverseoffreeparticles,inwhichmineralshavebeencombinedwithoneormoreminerals.c.Howmuchofthetotalener gyconsumptioninmineralprocessingisusedincomminution?Onlyaround3%to5%oftotalener gyisutilizedincomminution,outof40%to50%oftotalpowerusedinmilling.d.Whatarethethreeener gylawsusedinsizereduction?Whataretheirformulas?Thethreeener gylawsusedinsizereductionareRittinger'sLaw ,Kick'sLaw ,andBond'sLaw .Rittinger'sLawstatesthattheener gyneededtoreduceasolid'sparticlesizeisdirectlycorrelatedwithitsincreaseinsurfacearea.�= (1�21�1)Kick'sLawstatesthattheener gyneededdirectlyrelatestothevolumereductionoftheparticlesinvolved.�= ( �1�2)StudyGuideAssessmentBond'sLawstatesthattheener gyneededisdirectlyproportionaltothelengthofthenewcracktipformedafterparticlebreakage.�= (1�21�1)2.Sizinga.Dif ferentiatescreeningandclassification.Insizing,therearetwotypesofoperations-screeningandclassification.Screeningisdonetoguaranteethattheintendedproductisfollowingthesizeapplicationsothatthefeedtosucceedingoperationscorrespondstothereceivingarea'ssizelimitation.Furthermore,itpreventsmaterialsthatarealreadysmalltoavoidblindingorgettingaparticlestuckinthescreen.Ontheotherhand,classificationfocusesmoreonthedensityofthematerials,mainlyobservingtheparticles'varyingvelocitiesorsettlingratesinafluidmediumwhichleadstoseparationbasedonsize.Thisiscommonlyusedonparticlesizesthataretoosmalltobesortedef ficientlybyscreeningmethods.b.Whatarethedif ferenttypesofscreensusedinMP?Dif ferenttypesofscreensareusedinMineralProcessing,mainlystationaryandmovingscreens.Forstationaryscreens,therearestaticgrizzlies[10]forcoarsecrushingandsievebends[1 1]foraslurrybed'speelingoperation(picturesbelowrespectively).Ontheotherhand,formovingscreens,therearegrizzlyscreens[12],whichtypicallyfilterverycoarsematerial,andtrommels[13],whicharemadeupofcylindricalscreens(picturesbelowrespectively).StudyGuideAssessmentc.Whatarethedif ferenttypesofclassificationequipmentusedinMP?Dif ferenttypesofclassificationequipmentareusedinMineralprocessing,mainlycentrifugalclassifiersandgravitationalclassifiers;themaindif ferencebetweenthetwoisthatcentrifugalhasaverticalspiralmotionwhilegravitationalhasaspiralmotionbutinaslope.Oneexampleofacentrifugalclassifierisahydrocyclone[14]whichusescentrifugalforcetoaccelerateparticlesettling.Ontheotherhand,gravitationalclassifiersincludespiralclassifiers[15],whichcontinuallycirclespirally ,andrakeclassifiers[16],whichemployrakesinaneccentricmotion(picturesbelowrespectively).3.Concentrationa.Whataredif ferentmineralpropertiesutilizedinconcentration?Giveatleast3examples.Inconcentration,therearedif ferentmineralpropertiesutilized.Oneofthoseistheopticalresponsefromthecolorandlusterofamineral;thiscanbeperformedbyhandsortingoforeorthroughanautomaticdeviceactuatedbyreflectedlight.Anotherwouldbegamma-rayemissionfromtheradioactivityofamineral;anautomateddevicetriggeredbyascintillationcountercanbeusedtoobservethis.Inaddition,themobilityofelectronsontheparticlesurfacefromthesurfaceconductivityofamineralcanalsobeutilizedthroughtheuseofhighvoltageseparators.b.Describethemechanismofseparationemployedingravityconcentration,flotation,magneticseparationandelectrostaticseparation.StudyGuideAssessmentTherearethreemaintypesofconcentrationmethods:gravityconcentration,frothfloatation,andmagneticandhightensionseparation.Gravityconcentrationisthesimplestandmostpracticalofthethreesinceitreliesongravity ,whichisfree.Thisapproachusesdensitydif ferencestoseparateparticles;thehigherthedensitydif ference,theeasiertheseparation.Furthermore,ithasthreesubmethods:densemediaseparation(DMS),verticalcurrentseparation,andstreamingcurrentseparation.Ontheotherhand,infrothfloatation,surfactantswhichmaybecollectors,frothers,ordepressants,areusedtochangethesurface-chemicalpropertiesofminerals.T obemorespecific,themineraljoinsabubblethatrisestothesurfaceandleavesothermineralsinthepulp.Lastly ,variationsinthemagneticpropertiesofmineralsareusedinmagneticseparation,whileinhightensionseparation,electricalconductivitydiscrepanciesbetweenmineralsareutilized.4.Dewateringa.Whatarethedif ferenttypesofequipmentusedindewatering?Indewatering,threecombinedprocessesareperformed:sedimentation,filtration,andthermaldrying.Thesethree,especiallyfiltrationandthermaldrying,usedif ferenttypesofequipment.Filtrationistheprocessofusingafiltercakeoraporousmediumtoblocksolidswhileallowingliquidstopassthrough.Itisusuallydoneingravity ,centrifugal,vacuum,orpressurefilters[17].Ontheotherhand,thermaldryingisthefinalprocessinmineralprocessing,whichusesheat.Itisusuallydoneinconvection,rotary ,conveyor ,andfluidized-beddryers[17].(Picturesbelowareafilterpress(pressurefilter)andarotarydryerrespectively .)StudyGuideAssessmentb.Definesedimentationandflocculation.Sedimentationisoneoftheprocessesindewatering.Itusuallyusesgravityorsurfactantstoincreasesolids'settling,whichresultsinahigherconcentrationofsuspensions.Ontheotherside,flocculation,oneofthetwoformsofsedimentation,employsflocculantsorlong-chainpolymerstobindparticlesuntiltheyareheavyenoughtosettle.c.Dif ferentiatecoagulationfromflocculation.Thetwokindsofsedimentationarecoagulationandflocculation.Thedif ferencebetweenthetwomaybedistinguishedmosteasilybytheusageofcoagulantsincoagulationvs.flocculantsinflocculation.Incontrasttoflocculants,whichbindparticlesuntiltheyaresuf ficientlyheavytosettle,coagulantsneutralizechar geparticlessothattheycansettleandnotconcurrentlyresistoneanother .5.AuxiliaryOperationsa.Giveatleastonetypeofauxiliaryoperationusedforeachoftheotherfourunitoperationsanddescribeitsfunction.Incomminution,orestorageisoneoftheauxiliaryoperationsperformed;whenprocessingunitsoperateatvariousrates,excessmaterialsshouldbekeptforthefollowingprocesses.Forsizing,oretransportationisused,whereores,whetherdryorwet,arecorrectlytransportedsothattheymaybescreenedorclassifiedef fectively .Ontheotherhand,appropriatetailingdisposalisusedinconcentrationanddewatering.T ailingsoftenincludeahighleveloftoxicwaste;thus,theymustbedisposedofcorrectlytominimizeormitigateenvironmentalhazards.6.MeasuresofEf ficiencya.DefineRecoveryandindicatetheformulasusedtocomputeit.Recoveryistheproportionofthevaluablemineralthatreportstotheconcentratefromthefeed.= � � 1 00% = () () b.DefineGradeandindicatetheformulasusedtocomputeit.Gradeisameasurementofthemetalconcentrationinanore.Formulaofgradeofconcentratewithrespecttothefeed:StudyGuideAssessment� = Sources:[1]MineralsandOr es:Naturalmaterials.JagranJosh.(2017,February9).RetrievedNovember20,2022,fromhttps://www .jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/minerals-and-ores-natural-materials-1456201467-1[2]MineralDepositsMineralSystemsandMineralisingEvents.(n.d.).GeoscienceAustralia.https://www .ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/minerals/mineral-exploration/deposits-events[3]MineralResour cesandMineralReserves.(n.d.).Boliden.RetrievedNovember22,2022,fromhttps://www .boliden.com/operations/exploration/mineral-reserves-and-mineral-resources[4]T rioCTSeriesJawCrushers.(n.d.).W eir .https://www .global.weir/products/product-catalogue/ct-series-primary-jaw-crushers/[5]PRIMAR YGYRA TOR YCRUSHER.(n.d.).HAZEMAG.https://na.hazemag.com/gyratory-crusher -2/[6]T rioTCSeriesConeCrushers.(n.d.).W eir .https://www .global.weir/products/product-catalogue/trio-tc-series-cone-crushers/[7]HighEfficiencyHs-930SandMakingMachineRodMill.(n.d.).Alibaba.com.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://www .alibaba.com/product-detail/High-ef ficiency-HS-930-sand-making_62207095334.html[8]BallMills.(n.d.).T riaso.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://www .triaso.com.mx/eng/ball-mills.html[9]SAMAutogeniousAndSemi-autogeniousMills.(n.d.).ChristianPfeif fer.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://www .christianpfeif fer.com/en/products/mills/sam/[10]PitbullPB148StaticGrizzlyScr eener.(n.d.).PitbullScreeners.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://pitbullscreeners.com/pitbull-pb148-static-grizzly/[1 1]DSMSieveBendCurvedScr eens.(n.d.).YMXFilterProductsCO.,Ltd.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://www .ymxfilter.com/sieve-bend-screen/dsm-sieve-bend-curved-screens.html[12]GRIZZL YScr een.(n.d.).Elektromag-Joest.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://elektromag-joest.com/products/screening/grizzly-screen/StudyGuideAssessment[13]T rommel.(n.d.).AmstarMachineryCo.,Ltd.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://www .plasticrecyclingmachine.net/trommel/[14]Hydr ocyclones.(n.d.).IndiaMAR T.RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://www .indiamart.com/proddetail/hydrocyclones-3870530097.html[15]SpiralClassifier.(n.d.).JXSCMiningMachinery .RetrievedNovember21,2022,fromhttps://mineraldressing.com/equipment/spiral-classifier/[16]Michaud,D.(2015,August6).RakeClassifier.91 1Metallur gist.https://www .911metallur gist.com/blog/rake-classifier[17]DewateringEquipment.(n.d.).JXSCMiningMachinery .RetrievedNovember22,2022,fromhttps://mineraldressing.com/equipment/dewatering-machine/