Exam Preparation: Nr-291 Pharmacology I Exam 4 Study Guide

1EXAM PREPARATION: NR-291 Pharmacology I Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 10: Analgesic Drugs oKnow and apply basic pharmacology principles for pain management oKnow WHO Analgesic Ladder and apply to acute pain and chronic pain management oOpioid Drugs: 1, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13 (addicts and non-addicts) Nice to know: Nursing Considerations: oMedicate pts before the pain becomes severe (Around the Clock, ATC) oPharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to pain oOral forms should be taken with food to minimize gastric upset oEnsure safety measures such as keeping side rails up, to prevent injury Drug Interactions: oAlcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors 4 categories of opioids: oEndogenous - produced by the body oOpium alkaloids - morphine oSemi-synthetic opioids - oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, heroin oFully synthetic opioids - propoxyphene, tramadol, pentazocine Heroin, oxycontin, and hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin) have similar effects Opioid ceiling effect - codeine, nalbuphine, pentazocine Clonidine oAlpha-2 adrenergic agonist oCentral inhibition of the hyper-nonadrenergic state that occurs in opioid withdrawal oDecrease BP and stress in the first few days of withdrawal Good to know: Rapid-onset opioids (fentanyl) oDo not have to swallowed (injection, buccal lozenge, or stick/sucker)2oApproved for treatment of cancer-related breakthrough pain oPatches change every 72 hours Dispose by flushing down