Unit 14 Physiological Disorders

U nit1 4p hysio lo gic a ld is o rd ersY e ar2h ealt ha n ds o cia lc a rea co rn sLAA.InvestigatethecausesandeffectsofphysiologicaldisordersP 1.E xp la int h ec a u se s,s ig n sa n ds y m pto m so fd if fe re n tt y p eso fp h ysio lo gic a ld is o rd erso nt h es e rv ic eu se r.ThefirstPhysiologicaldisorderIwillbediscussinginthisassignmentisAlzheimer's,whichaffectsthenervoussystemandisthemostcommontypeofDemetia.Alzheimer'scanbedefinedasadiseasethatslowlydestroysmemoryandthinkingskills,andeventuallytheabilitytocarryoutdailytasks.Thediseasefirstpresentsitselfinthebodywithmildmemorylossandpossiblyleadingtolossoftheabilitytocarryonaconversationandrespondtotheenvironmentaroundthem,suchastroubleunderstandingvisualimages,impairedjudgment,wondering/gettinglost,andrepeatingquestions.ThesecondPhysiologicaldisorderIwillbediscussinginthisassignmentistype1diabeteswhichaffectstheendocrinesystemandimmunesystem.Itcanbedefinedasanautoimmuneconditionwhereyourbloodglucoselevelistoohighbecauseyourbodycantmakeahormonecalledinsulin.Thishappensbecauseyourbodyattacksthecellsinyourpancreasthatmaketheinsulin,meaningyoucantproduceanyatall.Type1diabetescanpresentitselfinthebodysuddenly(usuallyappearsbeforetheageof40,particularlyinchildhoodaccordingtoNHSinform,2023).Youcanfeelmorethirstythanusual,urinatealot,extremehunger,irritabilityamongothermoodchanges.A lz h eim er'sc a u se sResearchersbelievethereisnotonecauseofAlzheimer'sbutmultiplefactorssuchas:Inheritedtraits:FamilyhistorydoesplayapartinAlzheimer'sdisease.Thosewhohaveafamilymember(aparent,brother,orsister)withAlzheimersaremorelikelytodevelopthedisease.Theriskincreasesifmorethanonefamilymemberhastheillness.Also,thegenesyouinheritfromyourparentscancontributetoyourriskofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease,althoughtheactualincreaseinriskissmall.Butinafewinstances,Alzheimer'sdiseaseiscausedbytheinheritanceofasinglegene(APOE-e4)andrisksoftheconditionbeingpassedonmuchhigher.Lifestylechoices:ThereisresearchthatshowslinksbetweencertainlifestylechoicesthataffectAlzheimer'srisk.OnearticlebyNHS(2023)statesthatlifestylechoicessuchassmoking,dietandhighcholesterol.Thisisbecausesomeofthestrongestevidencelinksbrainhealthtohearthealth.ThisconnectionmakessensebecausethebrainisK ateP ie rc e1U nit1 4p hysio lo gic a ld is o rd ersY e ar2h ealt ha n ds o cia lc a rea co rn snourishedbybloodvessels,andtheheartisresponsibleforpumpingbloodthroughthesevesselstothebrain.Diet:DietcanplayafactorinthecauseofAlzheimer'sbecausedietmayworkindirectlybyaffectingotherriskfactorssuchasdiabetes,obesity,andheartdisease.Adietmixingsugarysnacks,starchyfoods,andprocessedmeatmaysignificantlyincreasetheriskofdevelopingAlzheimer'sdisease.So,Alzheimer'ssocietysuggeststhatadietinfruit,vegetablesandlowinredmeatandsugarsuchasaMediterraneandietcanhelpreduceAlzheimersrisks.Environment:OneenvironmentalfactorthatcouldputpeopleatriskofdevelopingAlzheimersislocation.PeoplewholiveindeprivedareasareatahigherriskofgettingAlzheimers.Thismaybebecausethelackofopportunitiesintheseareasmakeitharderforapersontogetfurthereducationandtoaccessjobsthatkeepapersonmentallyactivethroughouttheirlife.Additionally,ifsomeonelivesinadeprivedarea,theyaremorelikelytohavehighlevelsofexposuretoairpollutionandlessaccesstohealthandsocialcare.ThismakesitharderforpeopletomanagehealthproblemsthatcanleadtoAlzheimers.T yp e1D ia b ete sc a u se s:InheritedtraitsDevelopingtype1diabetescanbecausedbyageneticcomponent.Geneticpredispositionisthoughttobeamajorriskfactorinthedevelopmentoftype1diabetes.Thiscanincludebothfamilyhistory,aswellasthepresenceofcertaingenes.Buttheinheritancepatternisunknown.LifestylechoicesTypeonediabeteshasbeenclearlyproventohavenolinkbetweenpoordietorahealthylifestyle.Itisnotcausedbyanythingapersondoesordidntdoandthereisnothingyoucandotopreventit.DietEarlydietcanbeafactorbecausediabetesislesscommoninpeoplewhowerebreastfedandinthosewhofirstatesolidfoodsatlaterages.EnvironmentAtriggerintheenvironmentsuchasavirus,mayalsoplaypartindevelopingtype1diabetes.Also,weathercanhaveaneffect.Coldweathermightbeatriggerfortype1K ateP ie rc e2U nit1 4p hysio lo gic a ld is o rd ersY e ar2h ealt ha n ds o cia lc a rea co rn sdiabetesbecauseevidenceshowsitdevelopsmoreofteninwinterthansummerandismorecommoninplaceswithcoldclimates.O bse rv a tio n als ig n sa n ds y m pto m s:Aclinicaldiagnosisismadebyadoctorbasedonsignsandsymptoms.Ifthesignandsymptomscouldfitmorethanonedisorderthisiscalledadifferentialdiagnosisandareferralmaybemadetoaprofessional/service.Symptomsaresubjectiveandcanbeperceivedonlybythepersonaffected.Signsareobjectivefindingsthatcanbeseenormeasured.Alzheimer'sdiseaseaffectspeopledifferently.Timeandseveritymaybedifferentforeachperson,anditcandependonageaswell.Thecommonsignsandsymptomsinclude:SignssymptomsWeightlossduetolittleinterestineating,TirednesscancausepeoplewithAlzheimer'stonoteatorgiveuphalfwaythroughameal.Itcouldalsobebecauseofconcentrationorco-ordinationproblemsleadingtodifficultiesfocusingonamealallthewaythrough(Alzheimer'ssociety,2023).Changesinsleeppatternsuchasfatigue.Thiscanbelinkedtobehavioralchangessuchaswondering,unabletoliestill,yellingorcallingout.ButsomeresearchersthinkAlzheimer'scausecellularchangesinthebraincausingdisruptiontothecircadianrhythmaccordingtoSherrell,2021.InlaterstagesofAlzheimersindividualscanexperienceseizures.Damagetothebraincanmeanpeoplestarthavingseizures.Therehasbeenaconnectionmadetocertainchemicalproteinsbuildingupinthebrain(espy,2021).Changesinmoodsuchasanxiety.ThisisbecauseAlzheimer'scancausedamagetothepartsofthebrainthatcontrolemotion,butitcanalsobecausedfromworryofhavingthediagnosisorsocialisolation.Lossofbowel/bladdercontrol.Thiscouldbeduetomanyreasonssuchasnotbeingabletotakethemselvestothetoiletphysically,ortherecouldbeaprobleminternallysuchasmessagesbetweenthebrainandthebladdernotworkingproperlyMemorylosscanaffectaperson'sabilitytocompletesimpledailytaskssuchasdrinking,thiscanleadtosymptomssuchasdehydrationanddarkurine.Diabetestype1:eachindividualisdifferentsothesymptomsyouexperiencewon'tmatchthoseofanotherpersonanditcanalsodependonage.Thecommonsignsandsymptomsinclude:SignssymptomsK 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sWeightloss.Insufficientinsulinpreventsthebodyfromgettingglucosefromthebloodintothebody'scellstouseasenergy.Whenthisoccurs,thebodystartsburningfatandmuscleforenergy,causingareductioninoverallbodyweight(Diabetes.co.uk,2023).Fatigue.Whenthebodyisnotabletoproduceenoughinsulinthebodyisnotabletouseenoughglucosetoproduceenergy,whichcanmakethebodyfeeltiredandweak.Breathsmellofpeardrops.ThisiscausedbyKetoneswhichisanacidbuiltupinthebloodbecauseofthefatburningprocesswhenyourbodydoesntgetenoughenergyfromglucose(Key,2022)Feelingverythirsty.Thisisbecauseifyourbloodsugaristoohighyourbodywilltryandgetridofitthroughurinatingandtoachievethisyourbodywillmakeyouthirstier.Also,bylosingsomuchfluidsyoumayfeeldehydratedandtryandreplenishthelostwater.Reoccurringinfectionssuchasthrush.Thisisbecausehighsugarlevelsleadtobetterconditionsfortheyeasttogrow.Tingling,painornumbnessinthehands/feet.Thisisduetohighbloodglucoselevelsdamagingnervesandbloodvessels.M 1.A naly set h