different types of turbulence {Ans: * clear air turbulence: jet stream, high alt wind shear * mountain wave turbulence: mechanical lifting and follow-on wave}SATCOM {Ans: * another option other than HF * DOES NOT SATISFY HF REQUIREMENT * expensive * push to talk: push; wait for beep, then start talking * can hear better than HF * USE OF THIS IS GROWING RAPIDLY}METAR {Ans: observation of surface weather}sample fuel penalty {Ans: 2000 ft above 1 optimum altitude 0 2000 ft below 2}FAF 1500' AGL {Ans: field elevation = 500' MSL FAF: 1500' AGL so FAF is 2000' MSL so FL370 - 2000 = 35,000 to lose * time: (35,000/1400) = 25 mins * distance: 335/60 x 25 = 140 nm}route selection {Ans: * safety: obstacle/terrain clearance, severe weather, restricted airspace, NOTAMS * Pax comfort: weather hazards, turbulence * economy: most efficient route (time) considering winds, performance, preferred routes (most important)}