Microbiology & Immunology: In-Depth Summary

Microbiology & Immunology: In-Depth Summary1. BacteriaClassification: Gram-positive (Staph, Strep, Bacillus), Gram-negative (E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas). Shapes: Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod), Spirilla (spiral). Oxygen: Aerobe, Anaerobe, Facultative. Virulence factors: Capsule, toxins, adhesins. Clinical: Sepsis, pneumonia, UTIs, meningitis. Mnemonic Gram+ Cocci: PEGS Pneumococcus, Enterococcus, Group A/B Strep, Staphylococcus.2. VirusesDNA: Herpes, HBV , Adenovirus. RNA: HIV , HCV, Influenza. Properties: Envelope vs non-enveloped, single/double-stranded. Life cycle: Attachment Penetration Replication Assembly Release. Clinical: Hepatitis, AIDS, influenza, chickenpox. Mnemonic DNA vs RNA viruses: HHAD vs HIV-Influenza-Coronavirus.3. FungiYeasts: Candida, Cryptococcus; Molds: Aspergillus, Mucor. Superficial: Dermatophytes Tinea. Opportunistic: Candida (immunocompromised). Histology: Pseudohyphae vs hyphae, spores. Clinical: Candidiasis, aspergillosis. Mnemonic: Some Candida Makes Aspergillus Real Superficial, Candida, Mucor, Aspergillus, Rare.4. ParasitesProtozoa: Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba (dysentery), Giardia (diarrhea). Helminths: Roundworms, T apeworms, Flukes. Life cycle: Host V ector Human. Clinical: Malaria, anemia, GI infections. Mnemonic Plasmodium stages: Ring T rophozoite, Schizont, Gametocyte.5. Immune SystemInnate: Neutrophils, Macrophages, NK cells, Complement. Adaptive: B-cells (humoral antibodies), T-cells (CD4+, CD8+). Hypersensitivity: T ype I (IgE - allergy), II (Ab-mediated), III (immune complex), IV (T-cell mediated). Vaccination: Live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit. Mnemonic: ACID Allergy, Cytotoxic, Immune complex, Delayed. Clinical: Immunodeficiency (SCID, HIV), Autoimmunity (SLE, RA).6. Antimicrobial MechanismsAntibiotics: Cell wall inhibitors (Beta-lactams), Protein synthesis