Stoics {Ans: emphasized man's control over his own passions}Skepticism {Ans: the position that it is impossible for humans to know many things (and in some extreme cases, all things)}Hypatia {Ans: tested and furthered the work of Ptolemy}Benedictus Spinoza {Ans: born to Jewish parents, he questioned the "truth" of the Old Testament; argued for the constant presence of God in both nature and man, an idea known as pantheism}dualism {Ans: the belief that there are two types of existence (the material and the immaterial)}William James {Ans: Harvard philosopher who was key member of the Metaphysical Club}