Phm 450 Exam 4 2024/2025 Already Graded A+

how does oxidative stress cause cardiac toxicity? {Ans: under oxidative stress, the antioxidant defense capacities of the heart are low}atherosclerosis: vascular response to inflammation {Ans: 1. vascular injury -cholesterol buildup, oxidizes (OxLDL) leads to inflammatory response -monocytes get to damage site, differentiate to macrophages -macrophages become foam cells due to cholesterol consumption 2. fatty streak -foam cells accumulate forming a plaque -plaque size increases thus arteries wall thicken and "harden" = hypertension 3. fibrous cap -muscle cell proliferate and migrate to surface of plaque -forms a fibrous cap (predominately muscle cells and connective tissue l) covers the plaque -arterial lumen narrows, decreases blood flow 4. erosion/thrombosis -fibrous cap destabilizes, plaque contents are exposed to the blood -coagulation and platelet activation = thrombosis}conjunctiva {Ans: -moistens eye (protective) -lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (white part of the eye) -composed of non-ketatinized, stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells}normal heart rhythm {Ans: p wave: atrial contraction (phase 4) qrs complex: ventricular contraction and atrial repolarization (phase 0) t wave: ventricular repolarization (phase 3) p-q interval: gives an estimate of the time of conduction through the AV node}mechanical component {Ans: pumping mechanism, moves the blood