Nr 507 Midterm Study Guide Questions And Correct Answers

nephron anatomy {Ans: }Glomerulonephritis {Ans: The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-Ab complexes - Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, immunologic responses, free radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus- Activation of complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage- Proteinuria/hematuria- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria OR after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin deposition- Decreased capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria}B-thalassemia {Ans: -Greeks, Italians, and some Arabs and Sephardic Jews. -More common than A -Erythrocytes have decreased hemoglobin, and accumulations of free a chains - Mild to mod. microcytic-hypochromic anemia -slight elevation in serum iron and indirect bilirubin levels, mild splenomegaly, bronze skin, hyperplasia of bone marrow -major: severe growth delays, heart failure, liver enlargement, spinal abnormalities, lower-limb length discrepancy,facial deformity,}Causes of renal failure {Ans: - AKI - HTN -DM -Lupus}kidney anatomy {Ans: }Renal Calculi {Ans: - Crystals, protein and other substances (**Calcium**/phosphate/Uric acid/cystine/struvite) -Influenced by: HTN, fluid intake, obesity, DM, metabolic syndromes, Alkaline urine - >1cm almost never pass on their own -Colic to lateral flank of abd = midureter obstruction - Urgency,