Pathophysiology Kaplan Review Already Passed

Signs and symptoms of pericarditis {Ans: i. Sharp, stabbing chest pain - in the middle or left side of chest, there may be pain in one or both shoulders ii. Acute pericarditis - fever, weakness, coughing, trouble breathing, palpitations iii. Chronic pericarditis - tiredness, coughing & shortness of breath, chest pain is usually absent - sever cases can lead to swelling in stomach/legs & hypotension iv. Sitting up and leaning forward tends to ease the pain while lying down and breathing deep worsens it}Gate Control Theory {Ans: Pain is modulated by a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal cord; cells there act as a gate that regulates pain transmission to higher centers of the CAN i. Nociceptive transmission on fibers open the gate and increase the perception of pain ii. Non-nociceptive transmissions serve to close the gate and decrease the perception of pain iii. Explains why rubbing a painful area may alleviate some pain}Prerenal causes of acute kidney injury {Ans: -Circulating volume depletion -Vascular obstruction -Vascular resistance}What is the somogyi effect {Ans: When the blood glucose level swings high following hypoglycemia; low blood glucose levels during the night that may lead to morning rise in