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What are some functions of membrane proteins? {Ans: Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.}To produce a protein, a cell ___________ a gene's information to mRNA, which is ___________ into a sequence of amino acids. {Ans: Transcribed Translated}Secondary Structure {Ans: - Arises through hydrogen bonding between carbonyl oxygen and amino hydrogens located on the peptide backbone (main chain) - Two most common are alpha helices and beta sheets - DOES NOT involve H-bonding of side chains, but the type of secondary structure that's formed can be influenced by side chains}Active transport requires what? {Ans: Energy input}contractile vacuoles {Ans: specialized organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell.}plasmodesmata {Ans: Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.}