Cmn 554- Unit 3 Review Test.

-Psychoactive component of tobacco is Nicotine which affects the CNS by acting as an agonist at the nicotine subtype of acetylcholine receptors. -nicotine causes an increase in the concentrations of circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine and an increase in the release of vasopressin, B-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol. -About 25 percent of the nicotine inhaled during smoking reaches the bloodstream, through which nicotine reaches the brain within 15 seconds. -half-life of nicotine is about 2 hours. -Nicotine is believed to produce its positive reinforcing and addictive properties by activating the dopaminergic pathway projecting from the ventral tegmental area areas of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system. {Ans: What is the neuropharmacology of nicotine?}Caffeine Use Disorder {Ans: Which DSM dx does the below describe? -Given in some people with problematic caffeine consumption. It requires further research. Subjects with caffeine use disorder have reported continued use of caffeine despite repeated efforts to discontinue their caffeine use.}-anxiolytics -hypnotics -antiepileptics -anesthetics -alcohol withdrawal {Ans: What are the clinical uses of benzodiazepines?}-After long-term benzodiazepine use, the receptor effects caused by the agonist are attenuated. -Specifically, GABA stimulation of the GABAA receptors results in less chloride influx than was caused by GABA