2063 Final Exam Guide

What is the treatment for CKD? {Ans: Treatment depends on the type and stage and may include lifestyle changes, medication, dialysis, or transplantation.}Extracellular fluid (ECF) {Ans: the fluid space of the body that exists outside the cells 1/3 of total body water}Fat embolism {Ans: fatty(yellow) bone marrow enters the bloodstream and travels to the lungs, brain, or heart and occludes blood flow/perfusion to these organs}abdominal pain {Ans: Discomfort in the abdomen}cleft lip or palate {Ans: congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present}transverse fracture {Ans: occurs straight across the bone}Free Radicals {Ans: Injurious, unstable agents that can cause cell death.}Homeostasis {Ans: maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by keeping parameters relatively the same}homeostatic mechanisms {Ans: self-regulating control systems i.e., baroreceptors; hormonal responses (vasopressin/ADH, thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormones); enzyme response (RAAS); hypothalamic-mediated temperature regulation; parathyroid gland response to serum calcium}Clinical manifestations of inflammation {Ans: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function}Hypophosphatemia {Ans: <2.5 mg/dL Anemia, bruising SZ, Coma Constipations Muscle Weakness Hypoactive bowel sounds}atrophy {Ans: to waste away}Macrophages {Ans: Large WBCs found primarily in the liver, spleen, and