Chapter 1 Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology Study Guide Graded A+

basal ganglia function {Ans: Direct input from frontal lobe, facilitates motor movements, inhibits unneeded movements Spatial-temporal aspects of speech Damage: unusual body postures, dysarthria, change in body tone, involuntary uncontrolled movments interfere with voluntary speech, walk or other movements (dyskinesias)}B-endorphin {Ans: a neurotransmitter that serves as a natural painkiller}calcium can activate both {Ans: kinases and phosphatases}epigenetic mechanisms turn genes on and off by {Ans: modifying the structure of chromatin in the cell nucleus}nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in the {Ans: postsynaptic neuron, then diffuses to the presynaptic membrane to interact with cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) sensitive targets}Excitation-secretion coupling {Ans: process by which electrical impulse is converted to chemical signal at the synapse. this is how the neuron transduces an electrical stimulus into a chemical message. Na and Ca voltage sensitive gated channels.}Anatomically, chemically, and electrically {Ans: neurotransmission can be described as}signal transduction cascades activate a third messenger enzyme known as kinases, {Ans: which add phosphate groups to to proteins to create phosphoproteins}third messenger enzyme that inactivates fourth-messenger phosphoprotein {Ans: phosphatase}The striatum (basal ganglia) {Ans: has dopamine reuptake pumps in abundance}The second messenger in the G-protein-linked is {Ans: a chemical}signal