Pathology 50 Mcqs With Answers

Pathology: In-Depth Summary1. Cardiovascular PathologyAtherosclerosis: Lipid deposition plaque ischemia; Risk factors: HTN, DM, smoking, hyperlipidemia; Clinical: MI, stroke, PAD; Histology: Fatty streaks fibrous plaque complicated plaque. Myocardial infarction: Coagulative necrosis, timeline 0-24h (wavy fibers) 1-7d (neutrophils) 2-8w (scar). Mnemonic: Some Fat People Have Nice Hearts Stenosis, Fatty plaque, PAD, HTN, Necrosis, Heart failure.2. Infectious DiseasesBacteria: Gram-positive (Staph, Strep), Gram-negative (E. coli, Salmonella). V iruses: DNA (Herpes, HBV), RNA (HIV, HCV). Fungi: Candida, Aspergillus. Parasites: Plasmodium, Entamoeba. Pathogenesis: Entry Multiplication Host response Damage. Histology: Inflammation type depends on pathogen. Mnemonic for inflammation: PRISH Pain, Redness, Immobility, Swelling, Heat. Clinical: Sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia.3. Respiratory PathologyAsthma: Type I hypersensitivity , reversible airway obstruction, eosinophils, Charcot-Leyden crystals. COPD: Emphysema (alveolar destruction), Chronic bronchitis (blue bloater). Pneumonia: Consolidation, neutrophilic infiltration. TB: Caseating granulomas, Langhans giant cells. Clinical: Dyspnea, cough, hypoxia. Diagram: Alveolar changes, airway inflammation.4. Gastrointestinal PathologyPeptic ulcer: H. pylori acid-pepsin damage. Hepatitis: V iral hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis. Cirrhosis: Fibrosis regenerative nodules. IBD: Crohn (transmural, skip lesions), UC (mucosal, continuous). Clinical: Bleeding, jaundice, diarrhea. Histology: Biopsy shows inflammation pattern. Mnemonic: UC = Continuous, Crohn = Crazy skip.5. Renal PathologyGlomerular diseases: Nephrotic (proteinuria >3.5g/day), Nephritic (hematuria, RBC casts). Acute tubular necrosis: Ischemic/toxic injury epithelial cell