A _______________ punisher is a contingent consequence that functions as a punisher because, the evolutionary past of the species, this consequence decreased the chances of survival. primary secondary Darwinian conditioned {Ans: primary}A good deal of scientific evidence supports the position that individual behavior is determined by _____. A. willing and doing B. nature and nurture C. physical and non-physical forces D. thinking and action {Ans: nature and nurture}Brad is a 7-year old child who hates doing homework. When his parents sit him down and he starts to do his homework, Brad quickly throws a fit. Screaming and crying until his parents give in, and let him leave the homework session. If Brad's screaming and crying are operant behaviors maintained by reinforcement, what kind of reinforcement do you think is maintaining this problem behavior? Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement - escape Negative reinforcement - avoidance Positive reinforcement {Ans: Negative reinforcement - escape}In a treatment for substance-use disorders known as Contingency Management, drug abstinence (behavior) is reinforcer with a contingent consequence (a small reward, such as $8). In clinical research designed to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, the Control group gets the same rewarding consequence, but they get them