Cardiac 3b Nur 376 Study Guide Rated A+

RHF clinical manifestations {Ans: JVD: congestion built up in jugular veins of neck due to blood back up causing bilateral bulging blue neck veins (right ventricle fails = right atrial pressure increases = increases central venous pressure = increases jugular venous pressure = JVD venous congestion of GI tract: right ventricle fails = hydrostatic pressure builds up into right atrium = venous congestion in GI tract = venous drainage diminishes in GI tract, liver and spleen engorgement, liver and spleen swelling (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly), ascites (edema within peritoneal cavity so there is a fluid-filled, distended abdomen) peripheral edema: venous congestion in lower body causes high hydrost}What causes ventricular enlargement? {Ans: A weakened heart muscle activates the secretion of certain molecules that cause detrimental cellular changes within the myocardium. Molecular substances such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, endothelium, TNF-alpha, catecholamines, insulin like growth factor and growth hormone provoke genetic changes, apoptosis and hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes}Causes of valvular issues: arteriosclerotic calcification of heart valves caused by aging {Ans: aortic sclerosis: caused by narrowed, calcified aortic valve presents as new heart murmur in aged adult}Pulmonary edema {Ans: -As alveoli attempt to open and close against the accumulated fluid, crackles