Unit 1 Ap Biology Exam Review (All Tests) Questions And Answers Graded A+

List the elements that make up each macromolecule: {Ans: Carbohydrates: CHO (1:2:1 ratio) Lipids: CHO Proteins: CHON S (possibly sulfur) Nucleic acids: CHONP}TOPIC 1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules {Ans: ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-1.C Explain how a change in the subunits of a polymer may lead to changes in structure or function of the macromolecule. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-1.C.1 Directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer— a. Nucleic acids have a linear sequence of nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3' hydroxyl and 5' phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide. During DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides. b. DNA is structured as an antiparallel double helix, with each strand running in opposite 5' to 3' orientation. Adenine nucleotides pair with thymine nucleotides via two hydrogen bonds. Cytosine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides by three hydrogen bonds. c. Proteins comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by the formation of covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain.