relative location {Ans: refers to the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature, McLean and DC}hierarchical diffusion {Ans: the pattern originates in a first order location then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales}toponym {Ans: a place name}region {Ans: a type of place}dot-density maps {Ans: }modes of transportation {Ans: airplanes, reduce travel time between two distant points, and as a result increase interaction}