Passive Audience {Ans: Passive audience theories stress the power of the media to directly influence the ways in which audiences think or behave. E.g Cultivation Theory}Mainstreaming {Ans: When heavy viewers of media, for instance television, begin to share the same point of view due to their exposure to the content and the specific messages.}Vertical Integration {Ans: synergy through two or more stages of production. In film distribution, marketing & exhibition}Semiotics {Ans: The study of signs and symbols}Negotiated Reading {Ans: The interpretation of a media text whereby the audience accepts some intended meanings but rejects others}Liesbet Van Zoonen - Feminist Theory {Ans: -The idea that gender is constructed through discourse, and that its meaning varies according to cultural and historical context.-The idea that the display of women's bodies as objects to be looked at is a core element of western patriarchal culture.-The idea that in mainstream culture the visual and narrative codes that are used to construct the male body as a spectacle differ from those used to objectify the female}