Sassanids {Ans: As Islam spread from Arabia, it overcame this group to the Northwest, in modern Syria.}lapidated {Ans: To be stoned (with rocks) to death as a punishment.}1071 {Ans: Battle of Manzikert (Seljuk Turks over Byzantium)}jihad {Ans: a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up the religious standards set by the Qu'ran.}Mu'awiyah {Ans: One of Ali's most powerful rivals, the governor of Syria. Carried out conquests in Egypt and Iraq, steadily weakening Ali's hold on the caliphate. Became the first caliph of the powerful Umayyad dynasty.}Sheikh {Ans: the leader of an Arab village or family}