Crim 249 Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2023/2024

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) {Ans: -Begun in 1972 to address UCR limitations: measures some parts of the dark figure -Doesn't break crime down by city/state -70,000 respondents aged 12 or older -Verifies some of the dark figures of crime(rape/sexual assault. Robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault, theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft)}Scientific theory {Ans: working explanations for observations}Ethics today {Ans: Institutional review boards(IRB) provide approval and oversight of human-subject research. Protect privacy, and confidentiality.}Hypothesis {Ans: preliminary and testable assumption for how phenomenon are connected}Demonic Explanation {Ans: untestable and not straightforward}Cesare Beccaria(18th century) {Ans: Said old system was unjust, arbitrary, and immeasurable Conflict focus: the law was written and enforced to allow the state to maintain power and control Prisoners were often poor, rebellious, or politically opposed Judges often paid off by the rich Corruption throughout, extrajudicial enforcement, arbitrary interpretations of the "law" Indefinite confinement without trial Punishments far superseded the magnitude of damage caused by the offense, often dictated by social status US examples of this}