Nr-503 Midterm Study Guide Rated A+

randomized controlled trial {Ans: an experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention}Outcomes {Ans: End result that follows an intervention}active surveillance {Ans: data actively collected, more specific objective, information-gathering tools (questionnaires etc), more useful in epidemiological research than passive.}random error {Ans: occurs as the result of usual, everyday variations, that are expected and that can be anticipated during certain situations}chain of infection {Ans: factors that lead to the transmission or spread of disease}external validity {Ans: the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people}measurement bias {Ans: a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event}Cohort Study Weaknesses {Ans: - Inefficient for the evaluation of rare diseases unless attributable risk percent is high. - If prospective, can be extremely expensive and time consuming. - Potential bias in ascertainment of exposure, particularly if retrospective. - Potential bias in ascertainment of disease status (exposed may be actively seeking treatment).}Significance (p-value) {Ans: probability that an observed relationship exists, smaller the p, the larger