Advanced Pathophysiology - Exam 4 (Endocrine) Latest Update 100% Accurate!!

Goiter - associated with hypothyroidism. The most common cause in developing countries? {Ans: Dietary iodine deficiency}DKA - Clinical Manifestations {Ans: *Severe hyperglycemia (>500) *Increased serum osmolality from polyuria *Increased serum ketones and ketonuria *Metabolic acidosis *Kussmaul breathing (deep, rapid) *Fruity breath *Low Na+ from osmotic diuresis *Normal to elevated K+ from shift out of cell *Coma secondary to hyperosmolality}Thyroid neoplasms - Types {Ans: *Follicular adenoma (benign) - most common. Solitary nodule surrounded by a fibrous capsule. *Thyroid carcinoma (papillary 85%, follicular) *Medullary carcinoma - less common. (Neoplasms of the C cells --> increased production of calcitonin)}Graves' disease - Pathogenesis (initiating event) {Ans: *Immune system responds to microbe proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as "self" proteins *Breakdown in helper T cell tolerance}Goiter - associated with hyperthyroidism. Etiology {Ans: *Graves disease (TSH receptor stimulating antibody) *Pituitary adenoma - TSH overproduction *Germ cell tumor - hCG stimulation *Toxic multinodular goiter (autonomous hyperfunctioning)}Goiter: definition {Ans: Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland due to prolonged stimulation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agent May be associated with hypo or hyperthyroidism}Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion {Ans: *RAAS (Angiotensin II binds to zona glomerulosa cell membrane receptors