Environmental Print {Ans: Any print which is found in the physical environment such as street signs, billboards, labels, business signs, etc}Phoneme Manipulation {Ans: When children work with phonemes in words, they are manipulating the phonemes. Types of phoneme manipulation include blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, or substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word.}Diagraphs {Ans: A group of 2 consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound (i.e. ea in bread; ch in chart)}Chunking {Ans: A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts. (i.e. yes/ter/day)}Norm-Referenced Tests {Ans: A norm-referenced tests provides information on how well a student performs in comparison to an external reference group or norm group.}Reliability {Ans: the test measures things the same way every time it is used.}Accuracy (part of fluency) {Ans: Reading words in text with no errors.}Rubrics {Ans: A set of scoring guidelines for evaluating student work.}Alphabetic Principle {Ans: Phonemes are represented by letters and letter pairs.}Consonant Blend {Ans: Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their individual sounds (e.g., /bl/ in block; /str/ in string).}Metacognitive Strategies {Ans: