Advanced Pathophysiology 103 Correctly Answered Questions Latest Update

Paracrine Cell Communication {Ans: Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling or cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells.}Dysplasia {Ans: 1. Change in size, shape or organization, abnormal development of cells. 2. May be reversible, may lead to malignancy 3. IT IS NEVER NORMAL 4. Ex. Epithelial, cervical}Isotonic Fluid loss (Isotonic Dehydration) {Ans: Water and sodium are lost in equal proportions. Vomiting and diarrhea are most common especially in Gastroenteritis. Excessive sweating may also cause. Hemorrhage, wound draining and decreased fluid intake.}Causes of Hyperkalemia {Ans: Acute kidney failure, chronic kidney disease, addison's disease, Angiotensin II blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, dehydration, red blood cell destruction from injury or burns, Excessive Potassium supplementation, Type 1 DM, Spiranolactone.}Hypernatremic Exam Findings {Ans: Intracellular dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia, increased serum osmolality, increased serum sodium, decreased urine output (Unless caused by polyuria or diuretics), increased urine specific gravity.}Summarize steps of DNA Replication {Ans: Helicase unwinds & Unzips DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between neucleotides and bad pairs, DNA primase synthesisez a small set of primer neucleotides so DNA Polymerase can synthesize