Theory Exam Study Questions With Answers Graded A+

Cross-Sectional Studies {Ans: Research conducted at one point in time (Stresses certainty)}Conflict/Critical Theories {Ans: Emphasizes the use of law as a reaction or tool to enforce restraint on others by an authority (i.e., society's reactions to juveniles)}Organic societies {Ans: The distribution of labor becomes more highly specified}Atavism {Ans: a person or feature of an individual is a throwback to an earlier stage of evolutionary developments}General deterrence {Ans: Prevents crime by frightening the public with the punishment of an individual defendant.}Rational Choice Theory (RCT) {Ans: ORIGINS: Cornish & Clarke (1986) and Katz (1988) THEORY: Emphasizes both official/formal deterrence and informal factors that influence decisions regarding criminal behavior, Emphasized the benefits (pleasure) of committing crime}Stigmata {Ans: -Physical manifestations of the atavism of an individual -(Lombroso argued that more than FIVE stigmata indicate that someone is atavistic and inevitably born to be criminal) -Stigmata were called Minor Physical Anomalies (MPAs)}Positive School {Ans: BASE: People have NO free will. Assumes people are passive subjects of determinism - people do not freely choose their behavior (genetics, IQ, education) ORIGINS: Cesare Lombroso (Wrote "The Criminal Man" in 1876)}Phrenology {Ans: The science of determining human dispositions based on