Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam All Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers (Verified Answers) |already Graded A+

Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: {Ans: Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of the upper lid on downward gaze) Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease. Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of the orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), periorbital edema and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and diplopia (double vision)}Melanoma {Ans: Most aggressive skin cancer Thickness of lesion impacts prognosis}Type 1 Diabetes {Ans: Environmental factors: Viral infections, particularly enteroviruses, coxsackievirus, other infectious microorganisms Helicobacter pylori Exposure to cow's milk proteins Lack of Vitamin D}Complications of Decreased GFR {Ans: Anemia Hypertension Decreased calcium absorption Hyperlipidemia Heart failure Left ventricular hypertrophy Fluid volume overload Hyperkalemia Hyperparathyroidism Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic acidosis Malnutrition (late complication)}Actions of Insulin {Ans: Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue}Primary Hypocortisolism- Adrenal Insufficiency {Ans: Lab work that indicates primary hypocortisolism: --Serum and urine levels of cortisol are depressed with primary hypocortisolism, and ACTH