Mha 710 Exam 2 Questions & Answers!!

The direct costs in an economic evaluation include all of the following except {Ans: } Reduced productivity at workWhen measuring effectiveness of a treatment, surrogate measures reflect clinical efficacy and include {Ans: } bone-mass density (BMD)Which of the following measures of effectiveness is not a surrogate measure? {Ans: } Hip fractureThe intangible costs associated with reduced quality of life include {Ans: } Pain and sufferingSuppose that you are asked to use the standard time trade-off approach to measure quality of life and are given the following information. An individual is faced with living the remaining 10 years of her life suffering from severe osteoporosis. She reveals that she would be willing to give up four of those years to live the remaining six in perfect health. What is the utility of one year in the chronic health state relative to perfect health? {Ans: } 0.6Researchers estimate QALYs in a number of different ways. One popular approach is called the {Ans: } standard gambleThe standard cut-off for cost per QALY is ___ per capita income {Ans: } equal toCost-effectiveness considerations are more formally integrated into health policy making in {Ans: } Australia, Europe, and CanadaSteps in performing a cost-effectiveness analysis include