Paediatric Conditions Notce Questions With Correct Answers

What are the three subsystems of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? {Ans: } 1) Attention deficit only 2) Hyperactive only 3) CombinedHow is ADHD diagnosed? {Ans: } Onset prior to 7 years, duration of at least 6 months, pattern of behaviour excessive for age and intelligenceEpidemiology of ADHD {Ans: } - up to 10% of greater population - more boys than girls - associated with other psychiatric disorders and learning difficulties - continued symptoms into adolescence and adulthoodPossible etiologies of ADHD {Ans: } 1) Neuortransmitter abnormalities decreasing the activation/stimulation in upper brainstem and frontal lobes 2) delayed/abnormal maturation of frontal lobes 3) complications during pregnancy - toxins, post maturity, long labour, lead poisoningTheories regarding areas of deficit leading to behavioural patterns in ADHD {Ans: } 1) A lack of investment, organizaiton, maintenance of attention/effort in completing tasks 2) an inability to inhibit impulsive action, linked with working memory, self-regulation, internalization of speech, reconstitution of verbal/non-verbal behaviours 3) a lack of modulation of arousal levels to meet demands of situation 4) unusually strong inclination to seek immediate reinforcementcommon presenting behaviours of ADHD {Ans: } - restlessness - impulsive speech - difficulties following direaction - difficulty organizing - decreased attention span at