A Geographical Study On Cottage Industrys In Bago City, Myanmar

1AGEOGRAPHICALSTUDYONCOTTAGEINDUSTRYSINBAGOCITY,MYANMARTHIDAABSTRACTBagoTownisoneofthetownsofBagoDistrict.Manytypesofcottageindustriessuchasfoodandbeveragesindustries,clothingandwearing,constructionmaterials,householdgoods,transportvehicle,workshop,printingandpublishing,etcarefoundinBagoTown.Populationofthestudyareasupportslabourtothecottageindustries.AmongthecottageindustriesinBagoTown,aremostlyfoodandbeverage,householdgoodsandconstructionmaterialindustries.Cottageindustriesareunevenlydistributedandthereisarelationshipbetweenpopulationandnumberofcottageindustriesinthearea.Existenceoftheseindustriesdependsonaccessibilityofthearea,availabilityoflabor,rawmaterials,marketdemandandelectricity.Keywords:Population,rawmaterials,marketdemandandelectricity.INTRODUCTIONBagoTownissituatedinthesouthernpartofBagoTownshipandcomprises31wardsintheurbanarea.BagoTownisrunacrossbyYangon-MandalayHighwayRoadandRailRoad.StudyAreaBagoTownareaislocatedinthesouthernpartofBagoRegion,occupyingBago-SittaungRiverValley.Thestudyareaincludes31wardsintheurbanarea.ResearchProblemsResearchproblemsareasfollows:HowarecottageindustriesdistributedunevenlyinBagoTown?WhatarethecontrollingfactorsofcottageindustriesinBagoTown?2AimToanalysethespatialdistributionpatternofcottageindustryinBagoTownObjectives-Tofindoutthecontrollingfactorsofthecottageindustries.-Tounderstandtheeffectsofcontrollingfactorsontheindustries-TostudytheproblemsincottageindustriesSourcesofDataandMethodologyPrimarydatawerecollectedbyfieldsurvey,questionnairesandstructuredinterviews.Toacquireonlocationalchoice,rawmaterials,labour,electricity,market,transportation,generalsituationsanddifficulties.InBagoTown,somewardsdonotpossessalltypeofcottageindustries.Therefore,togetdetailedaccountoncottageindustries,eachtypeofindustriesandwardwasselectedtocontactcasestudy.SecondarydatasuchaspopulationofwardsfromtheBagoTownshipAdministrativeDepartment,numberofcottageindustriesareobtainedfromtheDepartmentofTownshipDevelopmentCommittee.ThePearsonsProductMomentCorrelationCoefficient(r),meancenterandstandarddistanceanalysesareusedtodescribeunevendistributionofcottageindustriesinthearea.ResearchDesignFigure:ResearchDesignDataAnalysisandClassificationGISMappingFindingsandSuggestionsSecondaryDataMapsClimateandPopulationDataPrimaryDataFieldQuestionnairesandInterviews3PreviousInvestigationandLiteratureReviewThereareseveralpreviousstudiesconcernedwithBagoTown.ZawZaw(2014)submittedSpatialdistributionofReligiousBuildingsinBagoTowntotheGeographyDepartment,UniversityofBagoasapartialfulfillmentforM.ADegree.In1998,OhnmarMoepresentedGeographicalanalysisofCottageIndustryinMayangoneTownship.Thethesisconcernswiththedevelopmentofcottageindustries,thedistributionpatternofcottageindustriesandproductionofcottageindustries.In2011,PanSeinsubmittedathesisunderthetitleofGeographicalanalysisofCottageIndustryinInseinTownshiptotheGeographyDepartment,forMRes..Hepresentedgeneralconsiderationofcottageindustries,developmentofcottageindustriesinthestudyareaandprocessandproductionofdifferenttypeofcottageindustries.DefinitionsCottageindustryCottageindustrymeansasmallscaleproduction,repair,maintenanceandserviceindustrybymembersofafamilyorbyengagingworkersorconvectively.(Source:Departmentofcottageindustry,21.12.2010)CottageIndustrymeansanindustrywherethecreationofproductsandservicesishomebased,ratherthanfactorybased.CottageIndustryManufacturingwhollyorpartlycarriedonbyfamilymembers.Thehighformofprimitivemanufacturingiscalledcottageindustry.Itiscommonbeforethedevelopmentofthefactorysystem.Rawmaterialswerebroughttothehome,peopleworkinthemandreturnedafinishedorpartlyfinishedproducttobusinesscentreandconsumers.TransportationTransportationmeansafacilityconsistingofthemeansandequipmentnecessaryforthemovementofpassengersorgoods.(Wordnetweb,prineton,edu/per/webwn,Definitionofcontext,2.1.2011).MarketMarketmeansapublicgatheringheldforbuyingandsellingmerchandise.Marketisaplacewheregoodsareofferedforsale.(www.Thefreedictionary.com/market/cachedsimilar,2.1.2011).4CapitalCapitalmeanscashorgoodsusedtogenerateincomeeitherbyinvestinginabusinessoradifferentincomeproperty.(www.Investwords/6141capita.htm)CHAPTERIGEOGRAPHICALBACKGROUNDOFBAGOTOWN1.1PhysicalFactorsPhysicalfactorsarelocation,size,shapeandboundary,relief,drainage,geology,climate,soilsandnaturalvegetation.Amongthem,location,size,shape,boundaryandreliefrelateandsupportthecottageindustries.1.1.1Location,SizeandShapeBagoTownisoneoftheforty-fivetownshipsofBagoRegion.ItissituatedinthesouthernpartofBagoRegion,occupyingBago-Sittaungrivervalley.Itextendsapproximatelybetween1721'and1729'northlatitudesandbetween9626'and9629'eastlongitudes.(Fig.1.1).ThetownareaisborderedbyWarmayan,Mekhon,OkehpoVillageTractsonthenorth,Kamarnat,Hmontaing,Auksidee(west)VillageTractsontheeast,Zaynyaungpin,GwayttansheyVillageTractsonthesouth,andNyaunginnVillageTractsonthewest.BagoTown,withthetotalareaof48.4squarekilometers(18.69squaremiles),comprises31wards.TheextensionoftownareaalongtheYangon-Mandalayrailroadandroadhasgiventhetownanelongatedshape.1.1.2ReliefandDrainageThestudyareaispartoftherivervalleyandthelandisgenerallyflatandlowandabouttwo-thirdsoftheareaislessthan15.24meters(50feet).TheareasaroundHinthagone,theeasternpartaroundMahacetiinthewesternpartandthewesternpartofOkthaMyothitarehigherthan30.48meters(100feet).Itis11.89meters(39feet)attheBagoRiverBridgeandthelandrisesgentlytowardstheeastandthewestfromtheriverbanks.TheBagoRiveristhemaindrainagethatflowsacrossthetown.Itisaffectedbytidalaction.SmallCreeksflowintoitfromtheeastandwest.Theyareperennialstreamsand5everyyeartheyoverflowtheirbanksintherainyseason,asanumberofstreamsthattaketheirsourcesfromthesteepslopeofBagoYomarushdownintotheriver.Figure1.1LocationofBagoRegionwithinMyanmarSource:SurveyDepartment6Figure1.2LocationofBagoTownshipwithinBagoRegionSource:BasedonTopographicMap7Figure1.3LocationofBagoTownwithinBagoTownshipSource:BasedonTopographicMap8Figure1.4LocationofBagoTownSource:TownshipPeaceandDevelopmentCouncil1.1.3GeologyStratigraphicallytheoldestrocksofMiocenelieatthebottom,overlainbyrocksofPliocene,IrrawaddyFormation,andalluviumofrecentage.RockofIrrawaddyFormationisexposedinOkthaMyothittothewestoftheBagoRiver.SagaingFault,whichcauseddestructiveearthquakesinthepastrunsfromeasttosouthwestabout30.48meters(100feet)tothewestofShwemawdawMount.9Figure1.5ReliefandDrainageofBagoTownSource:DEM(digitalElevationModel)SRTMDEMResolution30meter1.1.3ClimateLatitudinallyBagoTownlieswithinthetropicanditexperiencesTropicalMonsoonClimate(Am)accordingtoKoppensclimaticclassification.ThemonthlymeantemperatureishighestinAprilwith30.8C(87.44F)andlowestinJanuarywith24.0C(75.2F)andthustheannualrangeoftemperatureis6.8C(44.2F).ThelowrangeoftemperatureisduetothelocationofthestudyareafairlyclosetotheGulfofMottama.However,themonthly10maximumtemperaturesarehighinhotdryseason,sometimesexceeding35C(95F)inthedaytimewhichisfavorableforhumanactivities.BagoTownreceivesitsrainfallduringthemiddleofMaytoOctober.Julyisthewettestmonthoftheyear.Thehighestrainfallis836.6mm(32.9inches),TheperiodofJunetoOctoberisknownaswetseason.Duringthedryseasontheamountofrainfallis163.3mm(6.4inches).Novemberreceives64.3mm(2.5inches)whichisthehighestrainfallinthedryseason.Thebulkoftherainfallofthewetseasoniscausedbythesouthwetmonsoonwinds.1.1.5SoilsGenerallythesouthernlowlyingpartofthestudyareaiscoveredwithmeadowsoilgroupdevelopedfromalluviumisthemostdominant,beingpartofthefloodplainbeltoftheBagoRiver.Usuallythesesoilsareunderlainbylateriticlayer.1.1.6NaturalVegetationWithhightemperatureandabundantrainfall,thisareaoncehasbeencoveredwithdeciduousandevergreenforests.Themixeddeciduousforestswhichincludevaluableteakandotherhardwoodsthrivesintheelevatedpartofthenorth,butthesouthernlowplainareahavebeenturnedintosettlementlandandfarmland.Theexistingonesareplantedshadetreesalongtheroadsandfruittreeswithinthehousecompounds.Table1.1TheTemperatureandRainfallinBagoTown(2005-2014)MonthsJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTotal/AvgMaximumTemp:(C)31.334.336.137.733.830.929.829.730.832.432.630.932.53MinimumTemp:(C)16.618.121.123.824.223.723.023.023.223.921.718.321.72MeanTemp:(C)24.026.228.630.829.027.326.426.427.028.227.224.627.14Rainfall(mm)6.62.810.559.8362.1619.8836.6744.7481.4202.064.319.33409.9Source:MeteorologyandHydrologyDepartment,Bago11Figure:1.6ClimographofBagoTown(2005-2014)Source:Basedontable1.11.2.SocialFactorsPopulationhavebeenincreasingyearbyyear.Therefore,BagoTownhasextendeditsurbanareasince1989.Thisextendingurbanareaformerlysupportedagriculturalandotherlanduses.Thenumberofpopulation,populationgrowthrate,densityanddistribution,urbanandruralpopulationsarecloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofcottageindustries1.2.1PopulationGrowthPopulationcensuswastakensoonaftertheBritishoccupationofLowerMyanmarin10yearinterval.In1872,Bagowasonlyasmalltownwith4,416persons.Accordingto1973censusthetotalpopulationofBagoTownwas123,586persons.Thenin1983censusindicatedthatthetotalpopulationofBagoTownwas183,346,whenthatofBagoTownshipwas320377persons.TheestimatedpopulationofBagoTownin1993was186530persons,whenthatofBagoTownshipwas356006persons.Thenin2003thetotalpopulationofTemperature(C)Rainfall(mm)Rainfall(mm)MaximumTemperature(C)ManimumTemperature(C)MeanTemperature(C)12BagoTownwas224795,whenthatofBagoTownshipwas397378persons.ThetotalpopulationofBagoTownwas216401in2013and196927personsin2014.Accordingtotable(1.2),TheincreasedpopulationofBagoTownduring1973-83was3129persons,1983-93was3184personsand1993-2003was38265persons.Thedecreaseinthepopulationnumberinthe2003-2013was8394personsand19474personsin2014duetoemigrationtootherplacesortoneighboringcountriesforbetterjobopportunityandearninggreaterincome.Table:1.2PopulationGrowthinBagoTownNo.YearPopulationIncreaseDecrease11973180,217--21983183,3463,129-31993186,5303,184-42003224,79538,265-52013216,401-8,39462014196927-19474Source:ImmigrationandPopulationDepartment,BagoGenderRatioAccordingtotable(1.3)thereare92856malesand194071femalesthegenderratioin2014was89:100,comparedwith99:100fortheUnion.Thenotablylowproportionofmalepopulationwasprobablyduetothemassivemigrationofmaleadultpersonstoothermajorcitiesorothercountriesinsearchofbetterjob.Table1.3GenderRatioofBagoTown,2014No.WardsMaleFemaleTotal1Myotwingyi2689339460832Nandawya1546718147336143Yonegyi1560178833484Shinsawpu3344373070745Lakepyakan2331265449856Ponnasu2470281552857Panhlaing3268370969778Zaypine2236256448009Nyaungwaing(S)23162499481510Nyaungwaing(N)2071233644071311Thunpaya32043264646812Kyaukkyisu24702815528513Zaigganaing(S)32683709697714Zaigganaing(N)22262564479015Mazin23162499481516Kalyarni20712336440717Kyunthayar31943264645818Hinthagone24702815528519Bogone32683709697720Hanthawaddy22262564479021Ywathit23162499481522Myothit20712336440723Oktha(1)31943264645824Oktha(2)31943264645825Oktha(3)20712336440726Oktha(4)31943274646827Oktha(5)24702815528528Oktha(6)32683709697729Oktha(7)22262564479030Oktha(8)23162499481531Oktha(9)207123364407Total92856104071196927Source:ImmigrationandPopulationDepartment,Bago1.2.2PopulationDensityandDistributionThepopulationwithintheTownisnotevenlydistributed.PopulationdistributionishighlyconcentratedinthecentralpartoftheTownshipbecauseofaccessibility.Nandawyawardhasthelargestpopulationduetogoodcommunicationandeconomicactivities.ThetotalpopulationofNandawyawardin2014was33614personsor17percentofthetotalpopulationofBagoTown.ThepopulationdensityofNandawyawardwas50930.3personspersquaremiles,followedbyShinsawpuwardwith7074personsor4percentandpopulationdensitywas18615.8personspersquaremiles.Yonegyiwardwasthelowestpopulationwith3348personsor2percentofthetotalpopulation.PopulationnumbersanddensityofBagoTownin2014arepresentedinthetable(1.4)14Table1.4PopulationDensitybyWardsinBagoTownin2014No.WardsTotalPopulationArea(sq-miles)Area(sq-km)Density(persq-miles)Density(persq-km)1Myotwingyi60830.531.37311477.364430.442Nandawya336140.661.70950930.3019668.813Yonegyi33480.230.59614556.525617.454Shinsawpu70740.380.98418615.797189.025Lakepyakan49850.140.36335607.1413732.786Ponnasu52850.350.90615100.005833.337Panhlaing69770.040.104174425.0067086.548Zaypine48000.020.052240000.0092307.699Nyaungwaing(S)48150.020.052240750.0092596.1510Nyaungwaing(N)44070.120.31136725.0014170.4211Thunpaya64680.070.18192400.0035734.8112Kyaukkyisu52850.050.129105700.0040968.9913Zaigganaing(S)69770.300.77723256.678979.4114Zaigganaing(N)47900.100.25947900.0018494.2115Mazin48150.490.2699826.5317899.6316Kalyarni44070.220.57020031.827731.5817Kyunthayar64580.451.16514351.115543.3518Hinthagone52850.120.31144041.6716993.5719Bogone69770.391.01017889.746907.9220Hanthawaddy47900.531.3739037.743488.7121Ywathit48150.140.36334392.8613264.4622Myothit44070.631.6326995.242700.3723Oktha(1)64580.711.8399095.773511.6924Oktha(2)64580.571.47611329.824375.3425Oktha(3)44070.551.4248012.733094.8026Oktha(4)64680.511.32112682.354896.2927Oktha(5)52850.671.7357888.063046.1128Oktha(6)69770.952.4607344.212836.1829Oktha(7)47901.383.5743471.011340.2430Oktha(8)48152.686.9411796.64693.7031Oktha(9)44074.9612.846888.51343.06Total19692718.9649.10610386.454010.24Source:ImmigrationandPopulationDepartment,Bago15Figure1.7PopulationDensityofBagoTownSource:Basedontable1.416CHAPTERIISPATIALDISTRIBUTIONPATTERNOFCOTTAGEINDUSTRYINBAGOTOWNMarketorientedeconomyisthesystemthatisfreelydeterminedbyengagingoftheconsumersandproducersinwhichmarketpriceisnotfixedbygovernment.Inotherward,marketorientedeconomyisthetradethatisoperatedonthebasisofequilibriumofthesupplyanddemand.Similarly,market-orientedindustriesarelocatedinorneartheirmarketinordertosavethedistributioncost.A.NClark(1985)statedmarketeconomyisaneconomicsystemwhichisinoperationaccordingtofreemarketforces,i.e.inwhichthereisfreeenterpriseandcompetition,mostoftheproductiondistributionandexchangebeinginprivatehands,withgovernmentinterventionkepttotheminimumandinwhichgoods,andservicesareallocatedbythefreeexchangeofcommoditiesformoney(supplyanddemand).Inthe20thcenturies,thecentralizedeconomicsystemswerebecomingdisintegratedintheworld,anditacceleratestheforcetoremarkthemainitemoffreemarketeconomy.Today,mostcountrieswithamarketeconomy(bystateintervention)experiencetosomeextendtheforceoffreemarket.2.1HistoryofMyanmarCottageIndustryMyanmarcottageindustrysuchasweaving,lacquerware,goldandsilverproducts,pottery,blacksmithhadbeenundertakensincetheperiodofMyanmarkings.OwingtotheadverseeffectofthecolonialpolicypracticedbyBritish,Myanmarcottageindustriescouldnotbeupgradedtothestatusofadvancedindustries.ThecottageindustriesunderthecapitalistBritishregimebecomelessandlessinnumber.MostofthecottageindustriesinBagoTownarebasedonMyanmartraditionalcultures.Onthe21stFebruary,1974,thecottageindustrieswereorganizedbythegovernmentunderthecottageindustrycooperativesanditwasputunderthecontrolofministryofindustry.OnApril,1976,themainaimsandobjectivesofcottageindustriesareasfollow:(a)Toproduceindustrialfinishedgoodsbyutilizationoflocalnaturalresourcesasthemainrawmaterial;17(b)Toproduceindustrialfinishedgoodsbyutilizationofbyproducts,wasteproductsandrawmaterialwhichhavebeenpurchasedfromstateownedmills,factories,GovernmentDepartmentsandeconomicorganization;(c)TopreventtheobsolescenceoftheMyanmartraditionalhandicraftsandtodevelopthesame;(d)Toenhancemeansoflivelihoodandtoincreasefamilyincomes;(e)Toenableconsumerstopurchasestandardqualitygoodswhicharesafeforconsumption;(f)Topromotecottageindustriesbytheutilizationofmoderntechnicalknow-howwhichwouldriseefficiency;(g)Toproduceandsellgoodsofastandardqualitynotonlyinthelocalmarketbutalsointheforeignmarket;(h)Toassistintheformationofcooperativesocieties.2.2MyanmarEconomyandtheRoleofPrivateSectorFromSeptember,1998,economicsystemofMyanmarwastransformedtothemarket-orientedeconomyfromthestatecentralizedeconomicsystem.So,thewholeeconomyrestrictedgivingprioritytoprivatesectorinaccordancewiththemarketorientedeconomy.Andthen,thestateformulatedandissuedthecorrespondedlawssuchasPrivateIndustriesLaw,CottageIndustryPromotionLaw,Co-operativeAssociationLawandsoon.Traderelatedactivitiessuchas,economicsdiscussions,workshops,seminarsandtradefairsorexhibitionshavebeenheld.Accordingtothedataof1992-93inMyanmartherewere425stateownindustries,2260co-operativeownedand19privateindustrieswithmorethan100employeeforeachindustry.Therewere909enterprisesinstate-ownedsector,295inco-operativesectorand39649inprivatesectorofsmallscaleindustries.ItisshownthattheprivatesectoriswidelytakingplaceinMyanmareconomy.Indeed,asmarket-orientedeconomyhasbeenpracticedinMyanmarsince1989,theprivatesectorplaysanimportantroleinmostbusiness,particularlyinindustry.Generallyinthelongrun,privatebusinesstendstogainstrengthandadvanceinefficiency,therebyminimizingthecostofproduction,andmaximizingtheoutputs.Alltheaboveactivitiesarenowunderway.182.3HistoryofCottageIndustryinBagoTownThebasicinfrastructureandurbanfacilitiessuchasschools,roads,drains,watersupplyandelectricityhavebeeninstalledwithintheTown.BagoTownhasanareaof48.4squarekilometers(18.69squaremiles)in2014.CottageIndustryisasmall-scaleindustryoperatedintheresidentialunit,oftenwithmembersofthefamilyforlivelihood.So,itisalmostattachedtotheresidentialbuilding.AfterconstructingtheYangon-BagoMotorroadin1930,thecottageindustrieshavegraduallyincreasedinthestudyarea.ThedevelopmentoftheseindustriesinBagoTownlargelydependsontheskillofemployees,particularlyofmigrantworkersfromotherplaces.InBagoTown,mostofthedwellersaremanuallabours,oneoftheprimefactorsforthedevelopmentofcottageindustries.PrevalenceofcottageindustrieshaschangedthehumanlandscapeofBagoTown.ThecottageindustryofBagoTownhasgraduallydevelopedsince1900.2.4TypesofCottageIndustryProductioncanbeclassifiedastheprimary,secondaryandtertiaryproduction.Theprimaryproductionincludestheprimitiveactivities,involvedinextractingofmaterialsfromnaturesstorehouse.Forexample,inagriculture,manharvestscropsfromthesoil,inminingorefromtheearthscrust,infishingmarineorganismsfromtheriver,lakeandocean.Insecondaryproductionmanincreasesthevalueofanalreadyexistingitembychangingitsform.Suchactivitiesarecalledmanufacturing.Intertiaryproductionmandoesnotharvestsubstancefromnature;hedoesnotupgradetheirvalueorworthbychangingtheirform.Intertiaryproduction,servicingactivitiesarepronounced.Therefore,thecottageindustriesareincludedintothesecondaryproductioncharacterizedbyusingnotmorethan3horsepower,10labourersandhandicraftwithoutlimitinlabours.AccordingtotheclassificationofCottageIndustriesDepartment,generallycottageindustriesinBagoTownaredividedintothefollowingtypes:1.Foodandbeveragesindustries2.Clothingandwearingindustries3.Constructionmaterialsindustries4.Householdgoodsindustries5.Transportvehicleshopsindustries6.Workshopsindustries197.Printingandpublishingindustries8.Ironsmeltingindustries9.Handicraftindustries10.MiscellaneousindustriesBagoTownhasabout804cottageindustriesthathaveregisteredtotheCottageIndustriesDepartment.Table2.1CottageIndustryinBagoTownSr.TypesofIndustryTotalPercentage1FoodandBeveragesindustries182232HouseholdGoodsindustries159203ConstructionMaterialsindustries124154TransportVehicleindustries6185IronSmeltingindustries5476ClothingandWearingindustries5377PrintingandPublishingindustries3348Handicraftindustries1629Workshopindustries15210Miscellaneousindustries10713Total804100Source:TownshipPeaceandDevelopmentCouncil,201420Figure2.1TypesandpercentageofcottageindustriesinBagoTown,2014Source:Basedontable2.1Table2.2DevelopmentofCottageIndustry2010and2014Sr.TypesofIndustry201020141FoodandBeveragesindustries1631822ClothingandWearingindustries68533ConstructionMaterialsindustries1021244HouseholdGoodsindustries1641595TransportVehicleindustries72616Workshopindustries13157PrintingandPublishingindustries19338IronSmeltingindustries65549Handicraftindustries151610Miscellaneousindustries98107Total77980421Figure2.2DevelopmentofCottageIndustryin2010and20142.5DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeAccordingtotable2.2,thenumberofcottageindustriesinstudyareais804.Generally,theycanbedividedintotentypesinBagoTown.ThenumbersandtypesofindustryareshowninTable2.3.2.5.1FoodandbeveragesindustryFood,clothingandspaceforlivingarethenecessitiesforthepeople.Outofthem,foodisthebasicnecessity.Thereare182foodandbeverageindustriesor23percentofthetotalcottageindustriesinBagoTown.Itincludesricenoodle,wheatnoddle,MokeHinkhar,Fruitjam,Jelly(KyautKyaw),Ice-creamandice-stick,Waifar,andhoney,Betelandarecanut,Pickledfish,Driedfish,fishandprawn,friedpotatoandroastedlablabbeanfactoriesandsoon.Theycanbefoundinallwardsofthistown.ThegreatestnumberofcottageindustriesarefoundinZaypineWardwith52industriesandfollowbyNyaungwaing(N)andNandawyawith13industrieseach.BogoneWardhas11industries.ItiswidespreadinZaypineWardwith29percentoftotalFoodandbeverageindustry,becauseofcheaplabour.22201020201422Table2.3CottageIndustriesbyTypeinBagoTown,2014No.WardsFoodandBeveragesClothingandWearingConstructionMaterialsHouseholdGoodsTransportVehicleWorkshopindustriesPrintingandPublishingIronSmeltingHandicraftindustriesMiscellaneousTotal1Myotwingyi35485421-10422Nandawya134101162116320863Yonegyi31169172-5354Shinsawpu967157374218785Lakepyakan4-24515-16286Ponnasu-111-----367Panhlaing81-201-13-1358Zaypine5223-184-45-81149Nyaungwaing(S)51-51-----1210Nyaungwaing(N)13---------1311Thunpaya4--1--1--1712Kyaukkyisu--135----112013Zaigganaing(S)3-56-----11514Zaigganaing(N)5234---4-32115Mazin7-2017-111365616Kalyarni52-31---111317Kyunthayar3--871-2-12218Hinthagone8-104---1-42719Bogone111831--4-73520Hanthawaddy1-1-2-----421Ywathit--14-----111622Myothit6--2--1-1-1023Oktha(1)1-4----1-624Oktha(2)313331-2-21825Oktha(3)--12------326Oktha(4)3-131--1-11027Oktha(5)----------028Oktha(6)5-411--2121629Oktha(7)11574114132830Oktha(8)52621-11-22031Oktha(9)121-2-11--8Total18253124159611533541610780423Figure2.3DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyType242.5.2ClothingandwearingindustryThenumberofClothingandWearingindustryis53or7percentofthetotalcottageindustriesinBagoTown.Itincludesbeautysalon,tailorshop,blacksmithorgoldsmithandweaving,cosmetic,storeshop,watchshop,shoeshop,etc.ThelargestnumberofClothingandWearingindustriesisfoundinZaypineWardwith23industries,followbyShinsawpuWardhas6industries,MyotwingyiWardhas5industriesandNandawyaWardhas4industries.2.5.3ConstructionmaterialsindustryThereare124constructionsmaterialsindustriesor15percentofthetotalcottageindustries.Theseindustriesaresawmill,parquet,thinwood,break,sand,cement,concreteandlime,aluminumandsteel,mirror,andsoon.MazinWardhas20constructionsmaterialsindustriesinthestudyarea.Itisthegreatestinthenumberofindustry.TheyarealsofoundinYwathitWardwith14industries,Kyaukkyisuwith13industriesandNandawyaandHinthargoneWardswith10industriesbecauseofaccessibility.2.5.4HouseholdgoodsindustryHouseholdGoodsindustryisthesecondlargesttypesoftotalcottageindustry,with159or20percent.Thistypeofindustryconsistsofoildreg,timbertub,firewood,electricitymaterial,battery,plastic,candle,soapandhairshampoo,furniture,carvingandropeetc.Theycanbeseeneverywhere,particularlyinPhanhlaingWardwith20industries,becauseYangon-BagoHighwayRoadrunsacrossthisward.ZaypineWardhas18industries,Mazin17industriesandShinsawpuWard15industries.2.5.5TransportvehicleindustryTransportvehicleplaysanimportantroleforthepeoplesincethetimeofimmemorial.Thereare61transportvehicleindustriesor8percentofthetotalcottageindustriesinthestudyarea.Thistypeofindustry,ischaracterizedbycarbody,carengine,tire,sabobrake,carmaterial,bicyclerepairs,andsoon.YonegyiWardwhichhasthelargestnumberwith9,followbyShinsawpuandKyuntharWardwith7industrieseachbecauseYangon-BagoHighwayroadisrunsthroughinthesewards.252.5.6WorkshopsindustryThenumberofWorkshopindustryis15or2percentofthetotalcottageindustriesinBago.Itincludescarworkshop,electricityworkshop,televisionworkshop,radioworkshop,carbodyworkshop,tailorworkshop,wireanddynamoworkshopandsoon.MyotwingyiWardhasthelargestnumberwith4industries.Secondly,ShinsawpuWardhas3industriesandNandawyarWardhas2industries.2.5.7PrintingandpublishingindustryThenumberofPrintingandPublishingindustrywithis33or4percentoftotalcottageindustriesinBagoTown.ItincludesComputer,printingpress,papercutting,printingofbook,exercisebook,book-binding,receiptbook,differentkindofinvitationcard,certificate,differentsizesofledgersandnote-bookandsoon.TheseindustriesarewidespreadinthisTown.TheyarefoundinShinsawpuandYonegyiWardswith7industrieseach,followedbyLakepyakanWardwith5industriesandZaypineWardwith4industries.2.5.8IronsmeltingindustryThenumberofIronsmeltingindustryis54or7percentoftotalcottageindustriesinBagoTown.Theyincludewaterpumps,woodcutting,aluminummatel,steelmaterial,compressor,hugegravel,woodshop,andotherironproductsandsoon.NandawyaWardhasthelargestnumberwith16industries.TheyarefoundinZaypineWardwith5industriesandShinsawpu,Zaingganaing(N),BogoneandWardNo.7ofOkthaMyothithave4each.2.5.9HandicraftindustryHandicraftindustryisoneofthetraditionalculturesofMyanmarpeople.ThenumberofHandicraftindustryis16or2percentofwhich3industriesarelocatedinMazinandNandawyaWard.TheyarealsofoundinShinsawpuWardwith2industryandoneeachinLakepyakan,Kyaukkyisu,Kalyarni,Ywathit,Myothit,WardNo.1,6and7ofOkthaMyothit.Itincludesstone-cuttingandpublishingwork,woodcarving,blacksmithing,lacquerware.262.5.10MiscellaneousindustryMiscellaneousindustryiswidespreadinthestudyarea.ThenumberofMiscellaneousindustryis107or13percentoftotalcottageindustriesinBagoTown.Itincludespharmacy,cheroot,grocery,photoshop,printingandstore,latheandtyrecompoundwork.Latherandtyrecompoundworksarefoundtogether.ThelargestnumberofMiscellaneousindustriesisfoundinNandawyaWardwith20industries,followbyShinsawpuWardwith18industriesandMyotwingyiWardwith10industries,ZaypineWardwith8industriesandBogonewardwith7industries.Thereisnorelationshipbetweenthewardsareaandcottageindustriesdistributionpattern.Thewardthathasalargenumberofpopulationcaneasilyrecruitskilledlabour.Thereforemostofthecottageindustriesarelocatedinsuchwards.WardNo.9ofOkthaMyothithasanareaof12.846squarekilometers(4.96squaremiles)butithasonly8industriesor1percentofthetotalcottageindustriesinthestudyarea.Thedistributionpatternofcottageindustriesrelatestolocation,transportation,labour,availabilityofelectricityandsoon.CHAPTERIIIFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFCOTTAGEINDUSTRYInthisstudyphysicalandpopulationfactorsareconsideredasthechiefcontrollingfactorsinthespatialdistributionofcottageindustriesinBagoTown.3.1EffectofPhysicalFactorsAmongthephysicalfactors,locationandreliefmainlyaffectthedistributionofcottageindustryinBagoTown.Itinfluencesonthealignmentofroadsfortransportationnetworkandresidentialwards.LargenumbersofclothingandwearingindustriesaremainlyfoundinZaypainewardbecausetheseworksneedlittlespaceandtheseshopsareattachedwithhouses.WorkshopindustriesaremainlyfoundinMyotwingyi,ShinsawpuandNandawyarwardsbecausethistypeofindustryneedswidespaceforservicing.ConstructionmaterialindustriesarefoundinMazinandYwathitwardsbecausethesetypesofindustriesalsoneedwidespaceforworking.Therefore,theyarefoundinthewesternpartofBagoTown.273.2EffectofPopulationFactorsBagoTownhasafairlyelongatedshapeduetotheextensionoftownareatowardsthesouth.TheBagoRiverflowsacrossthemiddleportionofthetown.Populationnumberplayimportantrolenotonlyinlabourforcebutalsoindemandside.Totalpopulationisdirectlyrelatedtothenumberofcottageindustries.Labourisoneofthemostimportantfactorsforthedevelopmentofcottageindustrybecausecottageindustrychieflydependsonthemanuallabourratherthantheuseofsophisticatedmachines.AsthestudyareaislocatedwithinBagoTownship,skill,semi-skillandunskilledlabourareeasilyavailablewithinthearea.3.3OthersCottageindustriesinstudyareaarebeingaffectedbymanyotherfactorssuchasrawmaterials,transportation,marketandpower.3.3.1RawmaterialsRawmaterialrequirementisalsooneofthecontrollingfactorsfordistributionpatternofcottageindustriesbecausetherawmaterialsarenotlocalproducts.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinBagoTownislargelyrelatedtotheavailabilityofrawmaterials.Forcottageindustriessuchasfoodandbeverage,clothingandwearing,rawmaterialsareeasilyavailablefromneighboringtownshipandBagoZaygyi.3.3.2TransportationThetransportationcosthasbeenimportantconsiderationinthemanufacturing.ThetransportationcostisalsooneofthefactorsthatcontrolthedistributionofcottageindustriesinBagoTown.Theexistingpassengertraffictransportationroutessupportcottageindustriestocarryrawmaterialsfrommarketsandotherssourcestotheworksitesandfinishedproductsfromtheworkplacestothemarkets.Taxisandprivatecarsaremostlyused.3.3.3MarketThecottageindustrieshaveregularmarkets.Itismarketthatmakesthegrowthofcottageindustryinthearea.Thehigherdensityofpopulationandrelativelyhigherincomeareimportantmarketfortheindustry.ProductsofthecottageindustriesaremainlysenttoBagoZaygyiandalsodistributewithintheareaaswellasotherwards.Somecottageindustriessuchasfoodandbeveragealsoselltheirproductsinthetownship.Icestickindustriesselltheirproducesathomeaswellassendtoschoolsinthearea.283.3.4Power(Electricity)Theavailabilityofcontinuouspowerorelectricitysupplyisoneofthedeterminantsandfactorsfortheestablishmentandexistenceofmanytypesofcottageindustries.However,mostcottageindustriesdemandonlyalowamountofpower,particularlyelectricity.Somearerunbycharcoal.3.3.5CapitalInBagoTown,sincecottageindustryisrelativelysmallandlimited,theamountofinvestmentrequiredforcertainitemisnotverylarge.Theinitialinvestmentinvolvescostsforasuitablelandplot,fortheconstructionofbuildingandforpurchasingnecessarymachinesandbuyingrawmaterial,labourfees,etc.Usually,mostcottageindustriesarerunbythelowermediumormedium-classprivateownersandmostofthanhavelittlecapitaltoupgradetheirwork.3.3.6.LandvalueLandvaluewithinthestudyareaisanotherimportantcontrollingfactorofthedistributionofcottageindustries.MostofthecottageindustriesinBagoTownaresmallandmediumsizedcottagesindustriesandtheyareestablishedinZaypineWard,becauseofhighlandvalueofIndustrialZones.LandvaluediffersfromonewardtoanotherinBagoTown.LandvalueofWardNo.(5)ofOkthaMyothitishigherthanthatofotherwardsinthistown.29CHAPTERIVCASESTUDYONDISTRIBUTIONOFCOTTAGEINDUSTRYINSELECTEDWARDSBagoTownisoneoftheforty-fivetownshipsofBagoRegion.Itiscomposedofthirty-onewards.Varioustypeofcottageindustriesarewidelydistributedineveryward.Thereare804cottageindustriesinBagoTown.ThenumberofcottageindustriesandtheirrespectivewardsareshowninTable2.3.4.1CaseStudyonDistributionofCottageIndustries4.1.1ZaypineWardZaypineWardhasanareaof0.052squarekilometers(0.02squaremiles)andhasthelargestnumberofindustries,Thereare114industriesinthisward.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis4800personsandpopulationdensityis92308persquarekilometerinthisward.ThelargestnumberofFoodandBeverageindustriesisfoundinNo.(19),(20)StreetsandYangon-BagoRoadwith52industries.PharmacyandcherootarefoundonNo.(18),(20)StreetsandMyomakyaungStreet.ElectricitymaterialstakeplaceonMyomakyaungandMinStreets.BeautysalonandgoldsmitharefoundonMinStreetandOldHospitalStreet.ThecottageindustriesdistributionofZaypineWardissomehowrelatedtodenselydistributionpattern.Industriescanbeseenalmosteverywhere.ThepresenceofThrihanthaHallinthisward,thelargenumberofresidences,bettertransportationandcommunicationhelpdevelopalargenumberofindustriesinthisward.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinZaypineWardisshowninFigure4.14.1.2NandawyawardItislocatedinthesouth-eastoftheBagoTown.Nandawyawardhasthesecondlargestnumberofcottageindustriesamongthewards.Ithasanareaof1.709squarekilometers(0.66squaremiles),currentlyhaving86industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis33614personsandpopulationdensityis19669persquarekilometerinthisward.ThelargestnumberofIronSmeltingindustriesisfoundonBogyikoneStreet,SandawtwinStreet,andThanatpinRoadwith16industries.Ricenoodleandwheatnoddleindustries,arefoundonSandawtwinStreet,BogyokeAungsanRoadandThanatpinRoad.PlasticindustriesarelocatedonKyitawkoneNo.(1)StreetandInwin30No.(1)Street.WireanddynamoworkshopsarefoundonSandawtwinStreetandThanatpinRoad.ElectricalgoodsandfurniturearefoundonThanatpinRoadandCherootworksonShweaungywayStreet.OtherindustriesarefoundonInwinStreets,AlinyaungStreetandsoon.ThecottageindustriesdistributioninNandawyaWardroughlycorrespondswithdenselydistributionpattern.AlargenumberofresidencesandShweAungYwayPagodaarealsopresentinthisWard.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinNandawyaWardisshowninFigure4.24.1.3ShinsawpuWardShinsawpuWardhasanareaof0.596squarekilometers(0.23squaremiles)with78industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis7074personsandpopulationdensityis7189persquarekilometer.Therearealargestnumberofhouseholdgoodsinthisward.FurnitureandmirrorshopsarefoundonThanatpinRoad,battery,computerandprintingpressonShinsawpuStreet,Bandoolastreet,ThanatpinstreetandShwemawdawpagodastreet,beautysalonandtailorshopsonBandoolaStreet,PagodaStreetandShinsawpustreet,carbody,engineandbicyclerepairsonThanatpinRoad,aluminummatelandsteelmaterialonNo.(25)Socialliststreet,electricityandTelevisionworkshopsonShwemawdawpagodastreet,ShinsawpuStreetandThanatpinRoad,cherootworksonNo.(1)Kyitawkonestreet,No.(2),(6),(15),(19),(20)SocialliststreetandwavingandblacksmithonNo.((7),(16)Socialliststreet.ThecottageindustriesdistributionofShinsawpuWardisdictatedbythedenselydistributionpattern.TheconcentrationofcottageindustriesisduetobeingthemostpopulatedareaandthecrossingofBago-TaungooRoadthroughthisword.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinShinsawpuWardisshowninFigure4.3.4.1.4MazinWardMazinWardhasanareaof0.269squarekilometers(0.49squaremiles)with56industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis4815personsandpopulationdensityis17900persquarekilometer.ConstructionmaterialsindustriesaremostlyfoundinthisWard.SawmillandparquetindustriesarefoundonMaharsadiStreetandThapyikoneStreet,firewoodandcherootindustriesonShwegulayStreet,PyitawthaStreetandToechetStreet,photoshop,printngandstoreonShwethahlaungpagodaStreetandotherindustriesonNgarleinStreet,KyeenikanStreet,MargaStreetandsoon.ThecottageindustriesdistributionpatternofMazinWardissomewhatsimilartothedensely31distributionpattern.ThehighclusteringofcottageindustriesinthewardisduetothepresenceofShwetharlyaungBuddhaImage,MyatharlyaungBuddhaImageandMaharcetiPagoda.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinMazinWardisshowninFigure4.4.4.1.5MyotwingyiWardMyotwingyiWardhasanareaof1.373squarekilometers(0.53squaremiles)with42industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis6083personsandpopulationdensityis4430persquarekilometer.ThelargestnumberofHouseholdgoodsindustriesarefoundinthisWardwith8industries.ElectricalandfurnitureindustriesarefoundonShinsawpuStreetandThanatpinRoad,sawmillandconcreteitemsonPanchankoneStreet,KyawphukoneStreet,ThanatpinStreetandotherindustriesonWaitzaryanaStreet,AungthukaStreet,MahazayarStreetandsoon.PopulationissparselydistributedasShwemawdawPagodaanditsrelatedbuildingsoccupymuchofthisarea.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinMyotwingyiWardisshowninFigure4.54.1.6PanhlaingWardItisboundedbyMinRoadonthenorth,LakepyakanWardontheEast,PonnasuWardontheSouthandTarRoadontheWest.Thiswardissituatedinthecentralpartofthetown.PanhlaingWardhasanareaof0.104squarekilometers(0.04squaremiles)with35industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis6977personsandpopulationdensityis67087persquarekilometer.Householdgoodsindustriesarelargestinnumberwith20industries.Printingpress,IronsmeltingandTelevisionworkshopsarefoundonNo(21),(22),(27)Streets,riceandwheatnoodleindustriesonNo(23),(24)streetandotherindustriesonMinStreet,KonepawtanStreet,KyoneyoeStreetandsoon.Thehighconcentrationofcottageindustriesinthiswardisduetogreaternumberofresidentialbuildings,highaccessibilityandcommunication.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinPanhlaingWardisshowninFigure4.64.1.7YonegyiWardYonegyiWardissituatedinthecentralpartoftheBagotown.Thiswardhasanareaof0.596squarekilometers(0.23squaremiles)with35industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis3348personsandpopulationdensityis5617persquarekilometer.Transportvehicleindustriesarelargestnumberinthiswardwith9industries.Tirecompound,CyclematerialandDynamoindustriesarefoundonNo.(30),(31),(32)streets,ThanatpinStreet32andTaungooRoad,printingpressandComputerindustriesarefoundonShwemawdawPagodaRoadandTaungooRoadandotherindustriesonDawnaStreet,BandoolaStreet,PyitawayeStreet,GawthazinStreetandsoon.ThecottageindustriesofthisWardarescatteredindistributionpatternduetothepresenceofHospital,Education,BankandParkofclocktowerinthisward.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinYonegyiWardisshowninFigure4.74.1.8LakepyakanWardLakepyakanWardissituatedinthecentralpartofthetown.Thewardhasanareaof0.363squarekilometers(0.14squaremiles)with28industries.Thetotalnumberofpopulationis4985personsandpopulationdensityis13733persquarekilometer.Transportvehicleindustriesaregreatestinnumber.Carengine,CyclematerialandsabobrakeindustriesarefoundonThanatpinStreet,MinStreet,computer,printingpressandprintingofbookindustriesonNo.(1)MhorkanStreet,BandoolaStreetandThanatpinStreetandotherindustrieson,KominkochinStreetandsoon.Thesparsedistributionpatternisbecauseofthepresenceofgovernmentofficebuildingsinthisward.ThelocationofcottageindustriesinLakepyakanWardisshowninFigure4.8.33Figure4.1DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinZaypineWardSource:BaseonFieldObservationIronSmelting34Figure4.2DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinNandawyaWardSource:BaseonFieldObservation35Figure4.3DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinShinsawpuWardSource:BaseonFieldObservation36Figure4.4DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinMazinWardSource:BaseonFieldObservationFigure4.5DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinMyotwingyiWardSource:BaseonFieldObservation37Figure4.6DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinPanhlaingWardSource:BaseonFieldObservation38Figure4.7DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinYonegyiWardSource:BaseonFieldObservation39Figure4.8DistributionofCottageIndustriesbyTypeinLakepyakanWardSource:BaseonFieldObservation404.2SpatialAnalysisonCottageIndustrySpearman'sRankCorrelationMethodTable4.1CalculationofCorrelationbetweenPopulationandNumberofcottageindustrieswithinBagoTownBasedontable1.4and2.3No.WardsPopulationrank(X)Industryrank(Y)Dd21Myotwingyi1257492Nandawya12-113Yonegyi316256254Shinsawpu23-115Lakepyakan1798646Ponnasu1327-141967Panhlaing37-4168Zaypine221214419Nyaungwaing(S)1822-41610Nyaungwaing(N)262063611Thunpaya726-1936112Kyaukkyisu14140013Zaigganaing(S)419-1522514Zaigganaing(N)23131010015Mazin1941522516Kalyarni272163617Kyunthayar912-3918Hinthagone151141619Bogone58-3920Hanthawaddy2429-52521Ywathit20173922Myothit282352523Oktha(1)1028-1832424Oktha(2)1116-52525Oktha(3)2930-1126Oktha(4)824-1625627Oktha(5)1631-1522528Oktha(6)618-1214429Oktha(7)25101522530Oktha(8)211563631Oktha(9)3025525d2=374641rs=1-6*d2n3-n=1-6*374629791-31=1-6*374629791-31=1-2247629760=0.24476Correlationrs=0.24476ThereisveryweakandinsignificantpositivecorrelationbetweenpopulationandnumberofcottageindustryinBagoTown.4.3MeanCenter,StandardDistanceAnalysisMeanCenterThefirststepinanalysingasetofpointdataistofindthecenter,ormiddle,oraverageofthispointdistribution.Thereareseveralmethodstofindthecentreofpointdistribution,andamongthem,theMeanCentercalculationisthesimplestandeasiestmethod.Themeancentrecanbethoughtofasthecentreofgravityofapointdistributionandisasimplegeneralizationofthefamiliararithmeticmean.Itisremarkablyeasytocalculate(Barber,G.M.,1988).StandardDistanceThesecondmostimportantcharacteristicofaspatialdistributionisitsdispersion.Measuresofdispersionindescriptivestatisticsareusuallybasedonthenotionofadeviation,thedifferencesinvalueofanobservationfromacentralvaluesuchasthemeanormedian.Forspatialdistributionthenotionofadeviationistheactualdistancebetweenanobservationandthecentralpoint.42TheStandardDistance(SD)isthespatialequivalenttothestandarddeviation.Togetherwiththemeancenter,thestandarddistancecanbeusedtocompareandcontrastpointdistributions.Themoredispersedthepointpatternswillhavethelargestandarddistances.4.3.1.FoodandBeverageindustryAccordingtothecalculatedvalue,themeancentreoffoodandbeverageindustriesisfoundinPanhlaingWardwhichissituatedinthecentralpartofthestudyarea.FoodandbeverageindustriescanbeseeneverywherebuttheyaremoreconcentratedinZaypineandNyaungwaing(N)Wardsandscatteredinthesouthernpartofthestudyarea.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,78percentoffoodandbeverageindustryarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.TheyarewidelydistributedbutunevendistributionoffoodandbeverageindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.4.3.2.ClothingandWearingIndustryThemeancentreofclothingandwearingindustriesisfoundinPonnasuWardalthoughmostofthisindustriesaresituatedatZaypineWardsanddispersedintheBagoTown.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,87percentofclothingandwearingindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.Unevendistributionofclothingandwearingindustriesisfoundinthestudyarea.4.3.3.ConstructionMaterialsIndustryThemeancentreofconstructionmaterialsindustriesislocatedinZaigganaing(N)WardbutmostconstructionmaterialsindustriesareconcentratedinMazin,YwathitandKyaukkyisuWards.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,60percentofconstructionmaterialindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.UnevendistributionofconstructionmaterialsindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.4.3.4.HouseholdGoodsIndustryThemeancentreofhouseholdgoodsindustriesislocatedinZaigganaing(N)WardbutmosthouseholdgoodsindustriesareconcentratedinPanhlaing,ZaypineandMazinWards.43Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,65percentofhouseholdgoodsindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.Householdgoodsindustriesarewidelydistributed,butunevendistributedinthestudyarea.4.3.5.TransportVehiclesIndustryThemeancentreoftransportvehiclesindustriesisfoundinZaigganaing(N)WardbutmostareconcentratedalongtheYangon-BagoRoadandTaungooRoadalthoughsomearedispersedinthestudyarea.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,77percentoftransportvehiclesindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.UnevendistributionoftransportvehiclesindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.4.3.6.WorkshopIndustryThemeancentreofworkshopindustriesisfoundinLakepyakanWardbutscatteredinthestudyarea.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,67percentofconstructionmaterialindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.UnevendistributionofworkshopindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.44Figure4.9DistributionofFoodandBeverageIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance45Figure4.10DistributionofClothingandWearingIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance46Figure4.11DistributionofConstructionMaterialsIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance47Figure4.12DistributionofHouseholdGoodsIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance48Figure4.13.DistributionofTransportvehicleIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance49Figure4.14DistributionofWorkshopIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance50Figure4.15DistributionofPrintingandpublishingIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance514.3.7.PrintingandPublishingIndustryThemeancentreofprintingandpublishingindustriesisfoundinPonasuWardbutmostindustriesareconcentratedinLakepyakanandPonasuWardsinthestudyarea.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,85percentofprintingandpublishingindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.UnevendistributionofprintingandpublishingindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.4.3.8.IronSmeltingIndustryThemeancentreofiron-smeltingindustriesisfoundinPonasubutmostareconcentratedatNandawyaWardandsomearescatterinthestudyarea.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,68percentofiron-smeltingindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.Unevendistributionofiron-smeltingindustries4.3.9.HandicraftIndustryThemeancentreofhandicraftindustriesisfoundinZaigganaing(N)butmostarefoundinNandawyaWardbecausethiswardisvisitedbytouriststo,Kanbawzathadipalace,locatedinthisward.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,69percentofhandicraftindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.UnevendistributionofhandicraftindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.4.3.10.MiscellaneousIndustryThemeancentreofmiscellaneousindustriesisfoundinPonasuWardbutmostareconcentratedinNandawyaandShinsawpuWardsalthoughtheyarewidelyfoundinthestudyarea.Accordingtocalculatedvalueofstandarddistance,72percentofmiscellaneoussindustriesarelocatedwithinthestandarddistanceofonestandarddeviation.UnevendistributionofmiscellaneousindustriesisfoundinBagoTown.52Figure4.16DistributionofIronSmeltingindustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance53Figure4.17DistributionofHandicraftIndustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance54Figure4.18DistributionofMiscellaneousindustriesinBagoTownSource:Owncalculation,DatabasedonfieldobservationandcalculatedbyMeanCenterandStandardDistance55CHAPTERVFINDINGSANDSUGGESTIONSBagoTownissituatedinthesouthernpartofBagoTownship.MostofthecottageindustriesareunevenlydistributedinBagoTown.Generally,industriesarefoundintheoriginalurbanarea.Thenumberofcottageindustriesinthewholetownis804andamongthemfoodandbeverageindustriesare182or23percent.Thepopulationwithinthetownisnotevenlydistributed.ThepopulationdensityishighestinNyaungwaing(s)with92596persquarekilometer.SpearmansRankCorrelationCoefficientMethodisusedtoanalyzetherelationshipbetweenthenumberofwardpopulationandofCottageIndustries.Thecalculatedvalueofris+0.24andthusthecorrelationbetweenthetwovariablesareveryweakandinsignificantpositivecorrelationinthestudyarea.Accordingtothecalculatedvalues,meancenterofClothingandWearing,Ironsmelting,PrintingandPublishingandMiscellaneousindustriesarefoundinPonnasuWard.ConstructionMaterial,HouseholdGoods,TransportVehicleandHandicraftindustriesarefoundinZaingganaing(N)Ward.FoodandBeverageindustriesarefoundinPanhlaingWardandWorkshopindustriesarefoundinLakepyakanWard.Therefore,thenumberofcottageindustriesinstudyareaisnearertothemeancenterandsomeindustryisrelativelyfarfromthatpoint.Severalvariablesfortheanalysisofcottageindustriesareconsidered,particularlyonpopulationandextentfactors.ThespatialdistributionofcottageindustriesinBagoTownislargelyrelatedtolabour,rawmaterialavailability,powersupply,transportationandlandvalueofthearea.56CONCLUSIONBagoTownissituatedinthesouthernpartofBagoTownship.Itislocatedbetween1721'and1729'northlatitudesandbetween9626'and9629'eastlongitudesandthetotalareais48.4squarekilometers(18.69squaremiles),comprising31wards.Thestudyareahaselongatedshape.Amongphysicalfactors,locationandreliefmainlyaffectthedistributionofcottageindustry.InBagoTown,10typesofcottageindustriescanbefound.CottageindustriesareunevenlydistributedinthisTown.Skilllabourandrawmaterialcostaremajorrestraintsoftheindustries.Foodandbeverageindustriesrankfirstinnumberamongthecottageindustries.HouseholdgoodsindustriesarethesecondlargestcottageindustriesandConstructionMaterialsindustriesarethethirstlargestindustries.FoodandbeveragesandclothingandwearingindustriesaremostlyfoundinZaypineWardbecauseofhighpopulationdensityandjunctiontheBagoRoadandThanatpinRoad.ConstructionmaterialindustriesismostlyfoundinMazinWardbecauseofhighpopulationandbeingtraditional.HouseholdgoodsaremainlyfoundinPanhlaingWardbecauseitisintheurbanarea.Printingandpublishingindustryusetheirownvehiclesforcarryingindustrialrawmaterial.WorkshopindustriesaremostlyfoundinMyotwingyiWardbecauseitisahighlyaccessiblearea.EstablishmentofcottageindustriesinBagoTowngenerates,opportunityofjobsandincomeforthelocalpeople.Peopleworkneartheirhome.RawmaterialsareeasilyavailablefromneighbouringtownshipsandBagoZaygyi.Thestudyareaishighlyaccessibleandhasgoodcommunication.Yangon-MandalayHighwayRoadrunsfromsouthtonortheast.ThanatpinRoadandTaungooRoadrunwesttoeastdirectionintheeasternpartofthetown.Summingup,BagoTownhassufficientlabour,largemarket,andtransportrouteseasilyaccessibletoothertownofBagoDistrict.Thecottageindustryofthetownshipislikelytodevelopintheforeseenablefutureifsubstantialcapitalandhightechnologyareavailable.57REFERENCES1.OhnmarMoe(1998):GeographicalstudyofprivateownedCottageIndustriesinMayangonTownship,UnpublishedMA(Thesis),SubmittedtotheDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofYangon.2.PanSein(2011):GeographicStudyofCottageIndustryinInseinTownship,UnpublishedMRes.,SubmittedtotheDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofYangon.3.ZawZaw(2014):SpatialDistributionofReligiousBuildingsinBagoTown,UnpublishedMA(Thesis),SubmittedtotheDepartmentofGeography,UniversityofBago.