The Effects Of Community Policing On Crime Prevention In Jos South Local Government Area Of Plateau State, Nigeria

THEEFFECTSOFCOMMUNITYPOLICINGONCRIMEPREVENTIONINJOSSOUTHLOCALGOVERNMENTAREAOFPLA TEAUST ATE,NIGERIABYJULNAILIY AJINAKAP21DLSG80087MASTERSINLA WENFORCEMENTANDCRIMINALJUSTICE,DIST ANCELEARNINGCENTER,AHMADUBELLOUNIVERSITY ,ZARIA-NIGERIAJANUAR Y,2023THEEFFECTSOFCOMMUNITYPOLICINGONCRIMEPREVENTIONINJOSSOUTHLOCALGOVERNMENTAREAOFPLA TEAUST ATE,NIGERIABYJULNAILIY AJINAKA(LLB,BLHONS)P21DLSG80087APROJECTREPOR TSUBMITTEDT OTHEDIST ANCELEARNINGCENTRE,AHMADUBELLOUNIVERSITY ,ZARIANIGERIA,INP AR TIALFULFILMENTFORTHEA W ARDOFMASTERINLA WENFORCEMENTANDCRIMINALJUSTICE(MLCJ).JANUAR Y,20231DECLARA TIONI,JulnaIliyaJinakadeclarethattheworkinthisProjectreportentitledTheEf fectsofCommunityPolicingOnCrimePreventioninJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauState,Nigeriahasbeenperformedbyme.Theinformationderivedfromtheliteraturehasbeendulyacknowledgedinthetextandalistofreferencesprovided.NopartofthisProjectreportwaspreviouslypresentedforanotherCertificate,DegreeorDiplomaatthisoranyotherInstitution.JulnaIliyaJinaka.....P21DLSG80087Sign/Date2CER TIFICA TIONThisProjectreportentitledTHEEFFECTSOFCOMMUNITYPOLICINGONCRIMEPREVENTIONINJOSSOUTHLOCALGOVERNMENTAREAOFPLA TEAUST ATE,NIGERIAbyJULNAILIY AJINAKAmeetstheregulationsgoverningtheawardofMasterinLawandCriminalJusticeandisapprovedforitscontributiontoknowledgeandliterarypresentation.DrHMLawal___________________________14/04/2023ProjectSupervisorSignatureDateProf.M.ISule_______________________________________________________Director ,DistanceLearningCentreSignatureDateProf.SaniA.Abdullahi_______________________________________________________Dean,(SPGS)SignatureDate3ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMyacknowledgmentgoestoGodmosthighwhohasseenmethroughthisyearinschool,Healonedeservesthepraise.T omysupervisorDrH.M.Lawal,whohasbecomemorethanasupervisortome,yourconstantcriticismsandadvicehavesharpenedthisworkandhasgivenmeabetterunderstandingofresearch.Thankyouverymuch,sir .IalsoexpressmydeepappreciationtoMrsBilkisuAminu,SaniAbdullahi,MusaAbba,SaniGarba,andotherstaf fofthedepartmentandtheUniversityatlar ge,whohavesetmyfootontherightpath,realizingthesignificanceofeducation,mayGodblessyou.Myspecialgratitudegoestomyhusband,Barr .JinakaIliya,myson,JadonJinakaandtherestofmyfamilymembers,fortheirsupport,sacrificesandforbelievinginme.Iwouldn thaveachievedthiswithoutthembymyside;Iloveyouall,becauseyouguysarethebestthingthathaseverhappenedtome.Y ouhavebeenwonderfulandgreat.Myimmensegratitudegoestoallmyfriendsandcoursemates.Isaythankyouverymuchformakingthisjourneyworthwhile.4ABSTRACTTheinabilityoftheNigerianPolicetocontroltheincreasingwaveofcrimehasledtotheproliferationofcommunitypolicinginmanypartsofthecountry .Thus,thisthesiswasdesignedtoexaminetheef fectsofcommunitypolicingoncrimepreventioninNigeria,withafocusontheJosSouthlocalgovernmentareaofPlateauState,Nigeria.Inthisstudy ,fourresearchobjectiveswerederivedandfourresearchquestionswereasked.Thetar getpopulationwastheyouth,stakeholdersandlawenforcementagentsinJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea.Datawasobtainedthroughthequantitativemethod(questionnaires),asaclustersamplingtechniquewasadoptedintheselectionofrespondents.T woHundredandFifty(250)respondentsweresampledthroughdescriptivesurveydesign.Theresearchwasansweredusingmeanandstandarddeviationanalysis(statisticalpackageforsocialsciencesSPSS).ThefindingsrevealedthattheNigeriaPoliceareinef fectiveandcommunitypolicinginitscurrentformspranguptomakeupforthisinef fectiveness.ItalsorevealedthatcommunitypolicingoutfitsaregainingprominenceasagentsofcrimecontrolincontemporaryNigeria,particularlyinJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauState.Theresultequallyrevealedthatvigilantegroupmembersarerecruitedandmonitoredthroughtheircommunitiesandthattheyareef fectiveincrimeprevention.Also,theresultindicatedthatthebestwayofsolvingtheproblemofcrimeinNigeriaisbyincreasingtheactivitiesofCommunityPolicingOutfits.However ,lackoffirearms,poorfunding,andlackofpatrolvehiclesarethemajorproblemsconfrontingCommunityPolicing.Moreso,basedonthemajorfindings,itwasrecommendedthatCommunityPolicingoutfitsshouldoperatewithintheframeworkofthelaw .Finally ,securitycommitteesshouldbeestablishedatthelocalgovernmentlevelandthesecommitteesshouldmeetperiodicallytodiscusssecuritymattersintheirareas.5T ABLEOFCONTENTSCOVERP AGETITLEP AGE1DECLARA TION2CER TIFICA TION3ACKNOWLEDGEMENT4ABSTRACT5T ABLEOFCONTENTS6-9CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION91.1Backgr oundofStudy9-141.2StatementofResear chPr oblem14-161.3Resear chQuestions161.4AimandObjectivesofStudy161.5SignificanceofStudy171.6ScopeofStudy171.7DefinitionofT erms181.8OrganizationofStudy19CHAPTERTWO62.0:LITERA TUREREVIEW202.1.Intr oduction202.2.ConceptualClarifications20-232.2.0.CommunityPolicing23-242.2.1CrimePrevention24-292.3.CommunityPolicingPhilosophy29-352.4.Communitypolicinglegislation35-412.5.CommunityPolicingandCrimePreventioninNigeria41-452.6.RationalefortheCreationofCommunityPolicing45-502.7.TheEf fectivenessofCommunityPolicing42-472.8.TheoreticalFramework502.8.1.RationalChoiceTheory51-522.8.2.BrokenW indowsTheory53-57CHAPTERTHREE3.0:METHODOLOGY583.1.Introduction583.2.ResearchDesign58-593.3.T ar getpopulationandsampling59-603.4.SampleSize603.5.MethodofDataCollection60-623.6.MethodofDataAnalysis62-633.7.Ethicalconsiderations63-64CHAPTERFOUR74.0:ANAL YSISANDINTERPRET ATIONOFDA TA654.1.Intr oduction654.1.1.Socio-DemographicCharacteristicsofRespondents65-824.2.Discussionoffindings82-87CHAPTERFIVE5.0:SUMMAR Y,CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDA TIONS885.1.SummaryofMajorFindings88-895.2.Conclusion89-905.3.Recommendations90-91REFERENCES92-988CHAPTERONEINTRODUCTION1.1Backgr oundtotheStudyCriminality ,thoughanegativephenomenonisanecessarypartofeverysociety(Duromi,2020),itisasocialproduct,determinedbysocialconditionsthatarecapableofbeingcontrolledonlyinsocialterms.Allsocietieshavecrimeanddeviance;sociologistsgenerallyagreethatthereisnosuchthingasacrime-freesociety(McLane,2020).However ,evenaseverysocietyhascrimeexistinginitasanecessarycomponentofitsentireconstitution,itisneverawelcomedappealtomostofthemembersofthesociety ,hence,thegreatef fortbeingmadeineverysocietyineveryepochincombatingcrime(Bram,2020).Theprovisionofadequatesecurityisasocialprerequisiteforthesurvivalofanysociety;everysocietytakesappropriatemeasurestoprotectthelivesandpropertyofpeoplelivingwithinitsboundaries(Afuyeh,2022).Businessandsocialactivitiesmaynotgoonfreelywithoutadequatesecurity .Thisfundamentalessenceofsecuritymaybethereasonwhysocietiesfromtimeimmemorialmadeef fortstopolicetheirneighbourhoodsinordertosecurethemfromcriminalvictimization(Faye,2020).Securityhastodowiththeactofpreventingandprotectinginordertoensurethatcertainfacilities,equipment,personsoractivitiesaresafefromdamage,pilferage,destruction,murderordisruption(Alim,2022).AccordingtoW ikipediacontributors,(2022,December18),communitypolicing,orcommunity-orientedpolicing,ontheotherhand,isastrategyofpolicingthatfocusesondevelopingrelationshipswithcommunitymembers.Bydescription,communitypolicingisseenasthatpartofthecitizenssecurityinitiative,influencedby9incessantcriminalactivitieswhichunderminethesafetyoflivesandpropertiesinthecommunity(Francis,2020).Itisor ganizedalongthetraditionalandculturalagegroupsystemwhichisstronglyreinforcedbytheauthorityofthetraditionalrulerandeldersofthecommunity(Bidemi,2018).AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpireandthesubsequentanarchythatfollowed,kingsbegantoassumetheresponsibilityforlegaladministrationbystrengtheningthenightwatch,(Kuykendall,2018)pointedoutthatinthetwelfthcenturyinEngland,throughtheFrankpledgesystemwhichwasbasedonanor ganizationoftithing s(tenfamilies)andhundreds(tentithing s),menovertheageoffifteenformeda(possecomitatus),agroupcalledouttopursuefleeingfelons.Thus,thesherif fswhoensuredthatthisFrankpledgesystemworkedwereresponsibleforpolicingthecountry .However ,associetiesbecameincreasinglycomplex,sociallifewasdisrupted.Existingsystemsoflawenforcementwereinadequatetorespondtotheproblemsassociatedwiththesechanges.Asaresult,anightwatchsystemwasintroduced(Faye,2020).InSouthAfrica,communitypolicingactivityisfrequentlyjustifiedasfillingapolicinggapduetopoliceinef ficiency ,corruptionandconspiracywithcriminals,andpracticalfailureinthecriminaljusticesystem(Bushra,2018).InSierraLeone,communitypolicingactivitieshavebeenexplainedintermsofpoliceinef fectivenessincombatingcrimes(Bridget,2020).InNigeria,communitypolicingexistedinthepre-colonialera.Adekami(2018)notedthatself-defencegroupscurrentlyoperatinginNigeriancommunitieshaverootsthatreachdeepintothecountry shistory .Duringthepre-colonialera,strategiesemployedatcombatingandpreventingcrimeanddeviancefellwithintheambienceofcertainindigenoussocialinstitutionsandgroups(Ali,2020).Forinstance,inpre-colonialIgbosociety ,preventionofcrimewasprimarilythesocialobligationoftheentirecitizenryatvariouscapacitiesranging1 0fromgrown-upmembersofkindredtothemembersofvariousagegradeswhowerefitandagile(Obiora,2020).However ,thissystemofcrimecontrolwasdistortedwiththeadventofcolonialism.AccordingtoOnyema(2019),withtheadventofcolonialismcamethedistortionofthetraditionalinstitutionsandvalueswhichhadfromtimeimmemorialsustainedharmoniousrelationships,peace,andsecurityoflivesandpropertyinthepre-colonialAfricancommunities.Thus,theBritishcolonialgovernmentinNigeriaestablishedtheformalpoliceforthepurposeofensuringsecurityinthecountry .Alex(2018)assertedthatthepoliceexistedprimarilytopromoteharmonyandsecurityoflivesandpropertyinsocietyandwhetherornotthesefunctionswererealizedinthecolonialeraisstronglydisputed.Manyscholarsbelievethatinthecolonialera,thestyleandprinciplesofpolicingwereanti-people.Itwasrathermeanttoserveandprotecttheinterestsofthecolonialmasters(Chukwuma,2018).Theyfurtherar guedthatthepoliceinthecolonialeraoperatedunderthephilosophyofstrangerspolicingstrangers.Inthepost-colonialera,thestyleofpolicingwascarriedoverfromthecolonialepoch,thiswasevidentinthestyleoflawenforcementusedbythepost-colonialpolice,inthedailydischar geoftheirduties(Duromi,2020).AsmaintainedbyRotimi(2018),thepost-colonialNigerianPolicealsoservedtheinterestsoftheirfinancierswhoheldthepositionofpowerandnothingbettercouldbeexpectedfromthem,sincehewhopaysthepiperdictatesthetune.Hence,theoperationsofthepoliceforcehavebeenplaguedwithinef ficiencyandlossofpublicconfidenceinthepoliceforce(Ali,2020).1 1Chukwuma(2018)notedthatasaresultofpoliceinef ficiencyandinef fectivenessincrimepreventionandcontrol,detectionandapprehensionofcriminals,poorruleoflawrecords,theviolationofhumanrights,lackofaccountability ,incivilityandwide-scalecorruption,thepublicholdsthepoliceinlowesteemandisfearfuloftheirbrutality ,extortionandinef fectiveness.Thepubliclossoftrustandconfidenceinthepoliceandinthestate,inthefaceofanunrelentingupsur geinviolentcrimesinsociety ,ledtotheadventandformationofinformalpolicingstrategies,otherwiseknownascommunitypolicingorneighbourhoodwatch(W illiams,2019).Although,crimepreventionisanactionoractionstakentostopcriminalactivitiesfromhappeningoroccurringinsociety(Bintuh,2020).Itreferstomethodstakenbythegovernmenttoreducecrimeinasociety(Favour ,2020),forinstance,atheoryofcriminaljusticeplacesemphasisonreducingcrimeinsocietythroughincreasedef fortsofthepoliceprosecutorial.AccordingtoLawal(2020),communitypolicingisaformofinformalnon-statepolicingthatcanbefoundinmanyAfricansocieties.InNigeria,theexistenceofcommunitypolicinghasbecomeincreasinglyubiquitous,particularlyinurbancommunities.Whilecommunitypolicinghasbeenintegratedintotheof ficialstatesecuritysysteminsomesouthernandnorthernstates,thisisnotthecaseeverywhere(Lawal,2020).Inotherwords,bothcrimepreventionandcontrolentailaplethoraofef fortsmadebygovernmentsornon-governmentactorstoreducecrime(Fedien,2021),byusingstrategiesandavailableresourcesattheirdisposal.Historically ,theprovisionofsecurityorpreventionofcrimewaschieflyaconcernofeachfamilyandcommunityamongtheNigerianpeople(Bintuh,2020).W ithmoderngovernance,constitutedauthoritiestookoverthefunctionofsecurityprovision;personalorfamilyef fortscouldonlybeseenintheareasofsurveillance,erectionoffences,bur glary-proofdoors,andironbars,amongothers(Obinna,2020).Theoutcomeofinef fectivenessspeltoutby1 2Nwadiora(2022)ledthecitizenrytoadoptself-helpmeasuresortakelawintotheirownhands.Thereseemstobeanexusbetweenwarandcrime,thisisbecausetherewerereportsthatthewaveofcrimeinNigeriaincreasedshortlyafterthecivilwarof1967-1970.Studiesalsoconfirmedthisassertionthattheimmediateperiodafterthecivilwarwascharacterizedbyvariouscrimessuchasarisingnumberofarmedrobberyandbur glarycases;andthesewerelittleknownbeforethewar(T amaetal.,2020).Inasimilarview ,astudyconductedbyDuromi(2020)showedthatthewaveofcrimebegantoincreaseaftertheIfe-Modakekecrisisin2000.Thecrisiscontributedsignificantlytothebreakdownoflawandorder ,thedisintegrationoffamilyvalues,increasedunemploymentamongyouths,povertyamongcitizensandtheproliferationofsmallarms.Thus,criminalactivitiesseemtobemorerampantinIle-Ifeduetotheexistenceofadjacentruralareasandmanyroadsleadingtothetown(Abel,2020).Thesemakeiteasierforhoodlumstoinvadethetownfromtheneighbourhoods,andescapethroughtheroutesorwaysfromthemetropolitan.Presently ,thepoliceseemtobeincapableofcontrollingandcurtailingthecriminalactivitiesinJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauState(Salom,Lawrenceetal.,2021).Despitetheef fortsoflawenforcementagenciesintacklingcrime,therateofarmedrobbery ,politicalassassinations,ethnoreligiouskillings,kidnappingandotherviolentcrimesinJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauStateremainedextremelyhigh(Salom,Lawrenceetal.,2021).TheresponseofgovernmentattheFederalandStatelevelstotheriseincriminalityandcivildisorderhasremainedAdhocandcomesintheformofincreasingpolicingcapacity ,themilitarizationoflawenforcement,andtheenactmentofanti-crimeenablinglaws(Ali,2020).Thepublicdissatisfactionwiththeresponseofgovernmentagenciesindealingwiththeincreasingwaveofcrimeanddisorderhasinducedmanycommunitiestodeeplyrelyon1 3self-helpmeasuresorsupportingstrategiesfortheprotectionoflifeandsecurityofpropertieswithinrespectiveneighbourhoods.ThishasledtotheestablishmentofbodiesthatbreakthemonopolyofpreventionandcontrolofcrimebytheState.ThisisalsotrueinJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauStatewherecommunitypolicingwasusedasameansofbothsocialandcrimecontrolbeforetheadventofcolonialrule(Lawal,2020).TheproliferationofcommunitypolicingincontemporaryNigeria,particularlyinJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauStateisaresponsetocrimesandcriminalitythathavenotonlyincreasedindegree,scopeandvolumebutalsohavewitnessedanunprecedentedchangeintechniques,modeofoperationandsophisticationbetween201 1to2022(Afuyeh,2022)andtheapparentfailureoftheNigeriapolicetoriseuptotheoccasion.1.2StatementofResear chPr oblemInrecentyears,manycommunitiesinNigeriahavewitnessedcrimesofvariousdescriptions.JosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauStateisnotanexception.Thus,crimeisbecomingaseriousproblemincontemporaryNigeria(Kawuwa,2022),andthepolicewhoaretheprimaryagentsinthefightagainstcrimehasbecomequiteoverwhelmedandinef fectiveincarryingoutthisresponsibility .Although,inJosSouth,communitypolicingwasinitiallynotapartoftheof ficialstatesecuritysystem,norweretheyof ficiallyapprovedbythestategovernment,yet,inmanycommunities,wherepeoplefeelorareactuallythreatenedbyhighlevelsofcriminalviolence,communitypolicingincreasinglyassumestheroleofthestatepolice(Salom,Lawrenceetal.,2021).1 4In2022,thePlateauStateGovernment,initsdrivefortheimplementationofthecommunitypolicinginitiativeinthestate,inauguratedtheStateCommunityPolicingAdvisoryCommitteesaddledwiththeresponsibilityofensuringthatthecommunityanditsresidentsareinvolvedinsecurityaf fairswithmoreemphasisonintelligenceandinformationgathering(Online,T .2020,May22).Thus,theynotonlypatrolthecommunitiesduringthenightbutalsodeployphysicalcoercionagainstcitizenstoensurecompliancewiththenormsofthecommunity(Olaniyi,2022).However ,thesenormsofthecommunityarenotnecessarilythesameasthenormsuponwhichtheentirecountryisbuilt.AttheinceptionofcommunitypolicinginJosSouth,beforetheformalisationoftheinitiative,theyemployedanAdhocorlocalmechanismofpolicingwiththeuseofrudimentaryweaponssuchascutlasses,machetes,aswellasbowsandarrowsandtheybarelybenefitedfinanciallyfromtheworkasitwaslar gelyregardedascommunityservice.Asthepopulationofthecommunitygrew ,thepatternofcrimebecamemorecomplexandviolent,however ,itbecameincreasinglydif ficultforcommunitypolicingtoef fectivelyfightcrimeusingtheselocalmechanisms.Communitypolicingneverthelessincreasedinsizeandmemberswerepaidmonthlystipends(Salom,Lawrenceetal.,2021).TheincreaseincrimewaveandtheinabilityoftheNigerianpolicetodealwiththesituationef fectivelyhasgivenrisetotheemer genceofcommunitypolicinginitscurrentform.Thesegroupsaretoensurethesafetyofboththeirlivesandproperty ,thatoftheirfamiliesandothermembersofthecommunity .Thus,communitypolicingseemstobegainingmoreprominenceasagentsofcrimecontrolinJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauState.ResidentsseeitasanoutfittheycanalwaysrelyonintermsofsecurityduetothescepticismabouttheabilityoftheNigeriaPolicetoprovideadequatesecurityservicesalonewithouttheinvolvementofthepublic.Manyempiricalstudieshavebeentakentoelicittheef fectsofcrime,butnoneofthesestudiesdweltontheef fectsofcommunitypolicing.1 5However ,thiscurrentstudyissettocoverthisgap.Itisinthislightthat,thisstudyisdesignedtoexaminetheef fectsofcommunitypolicingoncrimepreventioninNigeria.1.3Resear chQuestionsInordertocarryouttheinvestigationsoftheproblemofthestudy ,theresearchersoughtanswerstothefollowingresearchquestions:1.T owhatextentwascommunitypolicingformedinJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea?2.Whataretheef fectsofcommunitypolicinginJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea?3.WhatarethefactorsresponsibleforcrimeinJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea?4.WhatarethefunctionsofcommunitypolicinginJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea?1.4AimandObjectivesoftheStudyThebroadaimofthisstudyistoexaminetheef fectsofcommunitypolicingoncrimepreventioninNigeria,withreferencetoJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauState,Nigeria.Thespecificobjectivesare:1.T odeterminewhycommunitypolicinginJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaisformed.2.T oexaminetheef fectsofcommunitypolicinginJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea.3.T oidentifythefactorsresponsibleforcrimeinJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea.4.T oidentifythefunctionsofcommunitypolicinginJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea1 61.5SignificanceoftheStudyThisstudyhasboththeoreticalandpracticalsignificance.Fromthetheoreticalpointofview ,thisstudywilladdtotheexistingliteratureoncommunitypolicing.Itwillalsobuildupadatabaseuponwhichfutureresearchcanbebasedorserveasapointofreferenceforsimilarstudies.Fromthepracticalpointofview ,thisstudywillshowthesecuritygapcreatedinbothruralandurbancommunitiesandhowcommunitypolicinghastendedtomakeupforthisvacuumwhichhopefullyshouldstimulatetheinterestofthegovernmentinprovidingadequatesecurityservicesinbothruralandurbancommunities,improve,modifyandassisttheexistingcommunitypolicingoutfittocomplimentsecurityef fortsofthepolice.Itisworthyofnotethat,thisstudywillbeofgreatbenefittolawenforcementagenciesandotherstakeholdersintheirquestforpolicereform.1.6ScopeoftheStudyThescopeofthisresearchcoverstheef fectsofcommunitypolicingoncrimepreventioninNigeria.However ,thestudywouldbelimitedtoBukuru,KuruandZawanA,districtwardsofJosSouthLocalGovernmentAreaofPlateauState,Nigeria.Thisisalsotoprovidetheresearcher ,accesstosampleaparticulartar getpopulationtoensuremeaningfulwork.Theresearcher'sprimaryinterestistoidentifythefactorsresponsibleforcrimeandhowcommunitypolicingtendstofillthisvacuuminJosSouthLocalGovernmentArea.Thestudywouldcoverthetimeframeof2018to2022.1 71.7DefinitionofT ermsForthefactthatwithoutacommonunderstandingofessentialtermsandconcepts,thevalueoftheresearchmaybelostthroughmisunderstandingandmisinterpretationandforthepurposeofthisresearch,thedefinitionoftermsasusedareasstatedbelow:Colonialism:ThisreferstotheperiodofBritishruleinNigeria.Communitypolicing:Thisisastrategyinvolvingthepoliceandthecommunity ,aimedatsolvingproblemsofcrime,fearofcrime,andphysicalandsocialdisorder .ContemporaryNigeria:Thisreferstopresent-dayNigeria.Crime:Thismeansanyactoromissionthatviolatesthecriminallawofthestate,whichispunishablebythestateafterprosecutionandconviction.Crimepr evention:Oftenusedinterchangeablywithcrimecontrolreferstoallef fortsmadetoensurethatcrimedoesnotoccurorisreducedtothebarestminimum.CriminalJusticeSystem:Thisreferstostateagenciesthatfightagainstcrime.Theyarethepolice,court,prison,probationandparoleservices.Police:ThisreferstothebranchoftheCriminalJusticeSystemthatfightsagainstcrimeandmaintainslawandorder .Policing:Anyef fortaimedatdetectingandpreventingcrimeaswellasprotectingthelivesandpropertiesofthecitizens.Itcanbedoneformallybystateagentsorinformallybyprivatecitizens.Socialcontr ol:Thisreferstoef fortsmadetoensurethatpeople sbehaviourconformstoestablishednormsandcustomsofsociety .1 81.8OrganizationoftheStudyThestudywouldbeor ganizedaccordingtochapters,withsub-headingsineachchapter .Thechaptersarenumberedonetofiveasfollows:Thefirstchapterwillelaboratetheintroductioncomprisingthebackgroundofthestudy ,theproblemstatement,researchobjectivesandquestions,significanceofthestudy ,scope,andlimitationofthestudy ,definitionoftermsandor ganizationofthestudy .Thesecondchapterwillseektoreviewtherelatedpiecesofliteratureofthisstudy ,whichhavebeenauthoredbyotherresearchers.Specifically ,itwillcomprisetheconceptualframework,thetheoreticalframeworkandtheempiricalreview ,eachcontainingsubheadings.Chapterthreewillshowthemethodologyusedinthestudy .Thisincludes;theresearchdesign,locationofthestudyarea,thepopulationofthestudy ,samplesizeandsamplingtechnique,methodsofdatacollection,researchinstrument,methodofdataanalysisaswellasethicalconsiderations.Similarly ,thefourthchapterwillseektopresentandanalyzethedatacollectedthroughtheadministrationofquestionnaires.Thechapterwouldalsodiscussthemajorfindingsofthestudy .Thelastchapterwilldriveconclusions,prof ferrecommendations,outlinedelimitationsofthestudyandsuggestareasforfurtherstudiesbasedonthedelimitationofthestudy .1 9CHAPTERTWOLITERA TUREREVIEWANDTHEORETICALFRAMEWORK2.1.Intr